Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this study is to evaluate if logistics and economic factors affect how a country achieves its military power. Countries have focused on material factors such as nuclear weapons or massive military presence for far too long. What has not been discussed is, do other factors play a role in achieving military power. This study applied Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and linear regression to a series of United States European Command (EUCOM) countries and the United States to understand how efficient each country was at achieving its military power. Additionally, the overall relationship between military power and each variable chosen in the study was examined. This research shows that countries are not efficient at achieving their current military power. Moreover, showing the relationship between the variables and military power provided what variables carried the most weight. Both results provided a way for countries to improve on efficiency and where to begin.

AbstractThe levels of total coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria were determined within the surface soils of two upland catchments in North Yorkshire. The results indicated that enteric bacteria can survive for a sufficient period outside parent faecal material to provide a semi‐permanent land store that might then be capable of contaminating upland waters following transport by hydrological processes. Significant differences in bacterial counts were found between broadly wet and dry soil moisture/vegetation zones in both catchments. This was explained by the more favourable survival conditions found where the soil moisture content was high enough to prevent the rapid desiccation and death of enteric bacteria. Significant differences were also found between the counts of total coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria in surface soils. It was concluded that the use of the total coliform group alone, as an indicator of the degree of sanitary bacterial contamination of soils, may over‐estimate the true extent of contamination.

ABSTRACTDuring recent years, many studies have attempted to determine the efficiency of macrophyte systems in removing a wide range of chemical substances and in the amelioration of wastewaters to attain effluent‐quality standards. However, despite the importance of microbiological indicators of water quality for determining the suitability of water for recreational and public‐supply purposes, little research has focused on the dynamics of sanitary indicator bacteria in macrophyte systems. This study reports the initial findings of such an investigation for a macrophyte raft‐lagoon system which was used in the treatment of sewage at Sowerby Bridge, West Yorkshire, England.

AbstractFaecal coliform concentrations were determined at stream and water inflow sampling sites within an upland catchment in North Derbyshire containing rough, semiimproved and improved pastures. The results indicated that, during its passage through the catchment, the faecal indicators of the stream increased, and this may constitute a health risk to cavers using a popular recreational cave into which the stream drains. The decline in streamwater quality suggests that a semipermanent store of bacteria existed in catchment soils, and hydrological processes operated to transfer bacteria from the land to the stream channel. Contrary to expectations, intra‐catchment differences in the bacterial quality of water at inflow and stream sampling sites could not be related to the intensity of agricultural land use in adjacent areas. This is explained with reference to changes in the nature of hydrological transport pathways associated with the improvement of pastures.

Open Access funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Under a Creative Commons license We thank the Health Protection Team at NHS Grampian for inviting us to be a part of their hand washing and infections disease awareness stand, the participants involved in this study and Sirrku Evans. The work was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council through a studentship awarded by the Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme, entitled Human campylobacteriosis: elucidating the exposure, disease burden, health cost and acceptability of interventions (RES 229-25-0012). RELU is jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the National Environment Research Council, with additional support from Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Scottish Government. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Coping with chronic illness encapsulates both practical and emotional aspects of living life in relation to one's long-term health condition(s). Dominant health psychology approaches for understanding coping, which underpin a more recent policy discourse on 'self-management', focus sharply on the person affected by illness and potentially mask the influence of overarching social structure. In this paper we draw on qualitative interviews with 48 people living with long-term conditions (LTCs), in order to highlight the role that structural configurations such as healthcare systems may play in either helping or hindering people's efforts to cope with chronic illness. We argue that coping is a social process in which health and related services, situated within their wider political-economic contexts, play an active role in shaping people's attempts to live well with LTCs. More specifically, health systems are sites of social and cultural capital exchange that can differentially mobilise coping resources through access, continuity of care, and coordination across services. Whilst it is essential to recognise the personal agency of people living with chronic illness, it is also vital to acknowledge the underlying inequalities that affect the ways in which services can support such resourcefulness.