Suchergebnisse

The passive safety systems of AP1000 are designed to operate automatically at desired set-points. However, the unavailability or failure to operate of any of the passive safety systems will change the accident sequence and may affect reactor safety. The analysis in this study is based on some hypothetical scenarios, in which the passive safety system failure is considered during the loss of coolant accidents. Four different cases are assumed, that is, with all passive systems, without actuation of one of the accumulators, without actuation of ADS stages 1–3, and without actuation of ADS stage 4. The actuation of all safety systems at their actuation set-points provides adequate core cooling by injecting sufficient water inventory into reactor core. The LOCA with actuation of one of the accumulators cause early actuation of ADS and IRWST. In case of LOCA without ADS stages 1–3, the primary system depressurization is relatively slow and mixture level above core active region drops much earlier than IRWST actuation. The accident without ADS stage 4 actuation results in slow depressurization and mixture level above core active region drops earlier than IRWST injection. Moreover, the comparison of cladding surface temperature is performed in all cases considered in this work.

Energy is an important need of human life. It is the life
blood of all economic activities. Due to increase in population and
economic activities, the need for energy is increasing at a faster rate.
Without having sufficient energy, the goal of economic and social
development and the Millennium Development Goals in particular cannot be
achieved. Most of the rural areas in different parts of the world are
without electricity. About 1.6 billion people in the world who are
living in rural areas are without electricity [Greenstone (2014)]. The
reason is that it is too costly to provide electricity services to rural
communities through conventional means due to remote location and low
density of population. Moreover, due to poverty and low income the rural
inhabitants are not in a position to afford the main grid electricity.
The use of diesel and gasoline has been used for decades for provision
of electricity to rural areas. But it was not so successful due to
economic, technical and environmental problems [Woodruff
(2007a)].

This paper estimate the impact of sectoral FDI on economic
growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. To this end, it uses
time series secondary data from 1972 to 2011 and applies Auto Regressive
Distributed Lag (ARDL) models. The results showed that FDI inflows in
manufacturing, transport, storage and communication sectors and energy
consumption have positive effect on the GDP growth of Pakistan. Besides,
FDI inflow in manufacturing, transport, storage and communication sector
and population density are responsible for the CO2 emissions in
Pakistan. The results also validate Environmental Kuznet Curves in both
long and short run. JEL Classification: E2, O4, Q5 Keywords: Sectoral
FDI, CO2 emissions, Environmental Kuznet Curves, Gross Domestic Product
Growth

The present study aims to analyze the state of fiscal marksmanship in using annual time series secondary data. The findings revealed that the budgetary forecast in Pakistan at the federal level and provincial level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was inefficient and also the main component of errors was random. The budgetary forecast was not based on the rational expectation hypothesis and the budgetary efficiency deteriorated overtime at both federal and provincial level i.e. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Based on the study, it is recommended that the government should be realistic and must avoid under/over-estimation of budgets to achieve fiscal targets.

This paper empirically analyses the impact of institutions,
both formal and informal, on innovation performance of sampled countries
at different stages of development. Data of 72 sampled countries on
Research and Development Expenditures, numbers of article published,
human capital, trade openness, internet users are collected from United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO),
International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) and World Bank database. Formal
and informal institutions indexes are constructed using data from
Country Risk Guide and The World Value Survey (WVS). Fixed effect and
System GMM technique are used to estimate the dynamic relationship
between innovation performance and institutional indexes. The study
finds positive significant effect of institutions on innovation in case
of aggregate sample of developed and developing countries. However, the
effects of formal institutions are more significant in case of sample of
developed countries, while in developing countries informal institutions
are found more effective than formal institutions in affecting
innovation performance. The results also show that both formal and
informal institutions are supplementary to each other in case of
developing countries. Therefore, it is suggested that focus should be
given to informal institutions. Moreover, collective initiatives be
encourage in developing countries to have diverse ideas from different
sectors of the countries. In addition, developing countries should
initiate collaborative research projects with technologically advanced
countries research and education institutions so as to learn from each
other's ideas and experiences. Keywords: Formal Institutions, Informal
Institutions, Innovation

This study empirically examines the possible factors that
determine the services sector growth, both in selected developed and
developing economies. For estimation purpose, the study employs the
static as well as the dynamic panel data estimation technique with panel
data over the period 1990-2014. The results suggest that GDP per capita,
FDI net inflow, trade openness and innovations are the common factors
that significantly affect the services sector growth both in developed
and in developing economies. However, the productivity gap is the only
factor that does not have any significant impact on services sector
growth, both in developed and developing economies, which indicates that
the Baumol's cost disease has been cured. Keywords: Services Sector
Growth, Panel Data Analysis, Innovations