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In the last decades, the use of renewable energy sources reduced the effect of global warming. Biomass is a promising energy resource to produce heat, electricity, and biofuel. An efficient supply chain design and optimal inventory management could contribute to reduce biofuel prices significantly and improve competitiveness with fossil fuel. This thesis addresses two crucial problems: biomass supply chain optimization and inventory control for a perishable product (biomass). The former is devoted to an issue of supplier selection and operation planning in biomass supply chains under uncertainty. This problem is formulated as a deterministic (MILP) model and a two-stage stochastic programming model. The deterministic model is solved by using a MIP solver GUROBI. An enhanced L-shaped decomposition method is developed to find an optimal solution for the stochastic model. The second deals with a stochastic inventory problem of a perishable product with uncertainty in both supply and demand. After demonstrating its optimal inventory policy is an order-to-level policy, a Lagrangian relaxation based algorithm is developed to quickly find a near-optimal solution of the problem. The stochastic inventory problem is, then, extended to a product with a fixed lifetime. The Conditional scenario method is developed to solve approximately this problem. ; Au cours des dernières décennies, l'utilisation de sources d'énergie renouvelables a réduit les effets du réchauffement climatique. La biomasse est une ressource énergétique prometteuse pour la production de la chaleur, de l'électricité et des biocarburants. Une conception efficace de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et une gestion optimale des stocks permettent à réduire significativement les prix des biocarburants et à améliorer la compétitivité contre des combustibles fossiles. Cette thèse aborde deux problèmes cruciaux : l'optimisation d'une chaîne logistique et la gestion des stocks périssables (biomasse). Le premier problème est consacré à la sélection des fournisseurs et la planification des opérations dans une chaîne logistique en biomasse. Ce problème est formulé sous forme de modèle déterministe (MILP) et de modèle stochastique à deux étapes. Le premier modèle est résolu de manière optimale par le solveur GUROBI. Une méthode de décomposition « L-shaped » est développée pour traiter le deuxième modèle. Le second problème consiste à la gestion des stocks d'un produit périssable sous incertitudes d'approvisionnement et de demande. Après avoir démontré que sa politique de gestion des stocks est une politique "order-up-to level", un algorithme basé sur la relaxation lagrangienne est développé pour trouver rapidement une solution quasi-optimale du problème. Ensuite, ce problème est étendu pour un produit à durée de vie fixe. La méthode « Conditional scenario » est développée pour résoudre approximativement ce problème.

The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence concluded that the CIA was not responsible for the deaths of President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu on November 2, 1963. This conclusion only reaffirms a point that too few Americans understood—Vietnam's destiny lies ultimately with its own people.Ngo Dinh Diem met his death at the hands of his fellow countrymen in a coup d'etat planned and executed by the Vietnamese Army to achieve political goals important to the Vietnamese people. The story of the coup against Diem has been told in English by Marguerite Higgins, David Halberstam, and Robert Shaplen.

Drought is a slow-onset disaster. The impacts are invisible and are often reflected as a complex socio-economic phenomenon. Due to changes in the climatic conditions droughts are increasingly occurring in non-traditional drought prone areas. The Asian monsoon region is one of these areas where consecutive years of droughts are causing severe problems for the lives and livelihoods of the communities. The impacts are becoming increasingly more visible, and drawing the attention of policy makers and professionals from national and international levels. In this context, this book outlines the characteristics and challenges of the Asian monsoon drought and highlights innovative solutions and approaches undertaken in different parts of the region. A ready-reference for field practitioners it combines academic research and field practices, and builds on actual implementation experiences of drought risk reduction. Providing a thorough examination of the subject and region, chapters cover droughts in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. It concludes with an article on cross-cutting experiences and drought risk reduction in the Asian Monsoon Region.

Vietnam has faced a high risk of transmission of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Despite the specific challenges that come with a low-resource country, the Vietnamese government has provided a sustainable response, demonstrating both great capacity and rapid decision-making to manage the entirety of the COVID-19 outbreak with lessons learned from the SARS and H1N1 epidemics in 2003 and 2009, respectively. A rapid response, specific epidemiological F0–F5 tracing system, and public education are some of the key measures that have helped Vietnam to control the outbreak. As of July 15, 2020, Vietnam has reported 373 accumulated confirmed cases and no deaths within the last 90 consecutive days of no new infections in the community. Vietnam can now consider declaring an end to the COVID-19 crisis on their part.

Cette recherche examine le lien entre la conformité environnementale, l'innovation et la convergence de la productivité totale des facteurs. Nous utilisons deux mesures de pratiques environnementales : la norme de certification environnementale et le traitment environnemental. Quant à l'innovation, il s'agit d'une variable qualitative ayant trois modalités croissantes : aucune innovation, innovation de produit ou de procédé et deux types d'innovation. En utilisant une base de données des petites et moyennes entreprises manufacturières vietnamiennes entre 2007 et 2015, les pratiques environnementales ne sont pas corrélées avec la productivité totale des facteurs. En revanche, il existe une forte corrélation entre l'innovation et le traitement environnemental. Les facteurs qui contribuent au taux de croissance de la productivité des entreprises, et par conséquent à la vitesse de convergence, sont l'innovation, la taille de l'entreprise et la forme juridique.

This paper draws on agency theory, as extended by the social theory of agency (STA) (Wiseman, Cuevas-Rodríguez & Gomez-Mejia, 2012), to examine the association between governance arrangements, reliance on government funding, chief executive officer (CEO) non-profit experience, and CEO compensation in the UK charity sector. We rely on a hand-collected data for the largest 240 charities and find that greater trustee board diversity (specifically gender and education diversity) and the existence of a remuneration or nomination committee are positively associated to CEO compensation. The results also show that a reliance on government funding and CEO's non-profit work experience, together with the presence of a finance/accounting expert on the audit committee are negatively associated with CEO compensation. The existence of an audit committee, internal audit function, use of specialist external auditor and CEO characteristics (gender, ethnicity and managerial experience) are not significant factors. Our findings are largely consistent with the STA's propositions. Specifically, executive compensation levels reflect the CEO's ability to work with a diverse board while a higher reliance on government funding signals the role of the State's pressures in moderating CEO compensation. Finally, in a context characterised by altruism and public benefit, financial rewards are not seen as the dominant 'value metric', resulting in lower compensation for CEOs previously working in the sector. Our findings have policy implications, specifically in relation to the role, composition and effectiveness of governance structures (e.g. trustee boards, audit and remuneration committees) in overseeing the design of executive compensation schemes within the charity sector.

This paper draws on agency theory, as extended by the social theory of agency (STA) (Wiseman, Cuevas-Rodríguez & Gomez-Mejia, 2012), to examine the association between governance arrangements, reliance on government funding, chief executive officer (CEO) non-profit experience, and CEO compensation in the UK charity sector. We rely on a hand-collected data for the largest 240 charities and find that greater trustee board diversity (specifically gender and education diversity) and the existence of a remuneration or nomination committee are positively associated to CEO compensation. The results also show that a reliance on government funding and CEO's non-profit work experience, together with the presence of a finance/accounting expert on the audit committee are negatively associated with CEO compensation. The existence of an audit committee, internal audit function, use of specialist external auditor and CEO characteristics (gender, ethnicity and managerial experience) are not significant factors. Our findings are largely consistent with the STA's propositions. Specifically, executive compensation levels reflect the CEO's ability to work with a diverse board while a higher reliance on government funding signals the role of the State's pressures in moderating CEO compensation. Finally, in a context characterised by altruism and public benefit, financial rewards are not seen as the dominant 'value metric', resulting in lower compensation for CEOs previously working in the sector. Our findings have policy implications, specifically in relation to the role, composition and effectiveness of governance structures (e.g. trustee boards, audit and remuneration committees) in overseeing the design of executive compensation schemes within the charity sector.