Suchergebnisse

I: Equality of Treatment, Trade Discrimination and International Law -- I: Introduction -- II: Trade Discrimination and International Law -- II: Most-Favoured-Nation Clause vs. Discrimination in Gatt -- III. Background to M. N. F. Clause in Gatt -- IV: Equality of Treatment vs. Discrimination in Gatt: Article I(I) -- V: Exceptions to M. F. N. Clause in Article I (I) and Discrimination -- VI: Exceptions in Favour of Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions, Free Trade Areas and Discrimination -- VII: Equality of Ttreatment vs. Discrimination in Other Articles of GATT -- VIII: Quantitative Restrictions and Non-Discrimination -- IX: Remedies and Organisational Structure -- X: Conclusions.

Objective: to share the experience regarding an innovative approach, "Seven-Flag Approach to Total Sanitation (7FATS) in Schools" introduced in Nepal. Background: Safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand hygiene remained an unfinished millennial agenda and is carried over as part of SDG 6 and allied goals in Nepal. Particularly, to improve sanitation services in schools, Government of Nepal implemented several initiatives. While there was an apparent improvement, equally the continuing challenges have been the sustainability, the needed behaviorural change, and lack of motivation both amongst teachers and students. 7FATS or total sanitation in schools is an approach, which addresses these issues. Concept: The underlying concept is that, as minimum requirement, children in school should use clean toilets, wash hands with soap, and drink water from a safe supply. In this manner, children, who spend a substantial part of their time in schools, can improve their own hygiene behavior, and also take the message to their families and communities, thus acting as agents to improve their knowledge and impact behavior towards hygiene. Practice and process: Seven steps involved include: constitution of a school sanitation team; after training the team analyses the sanitation situation of school; organisation of a sanitation conference to orient all students on 7FATS concept and practice; students are divided into seven groups to compete for 7FATS activities; fund raising to support 7FATS in schools; winner groups are rewards; and school is declared as 7FATS School when all seven groups have raised their flags to full stand. Discussion: concept paper, documentary and leaflet, and a 7FATS-WASH handbook has been developed as advocacy and standardised implementation tool. But it is the technical assistance, demonstration effect, sanitation conferences attended by dignitaries and parents, reward and recognition of winner groups, and adoption of schools by national and international organisations for implementing 7FATS. Conclusion and recommendations: 7FATS approach proved to be a powerful tool for driving school towards total sanitation in an integrated, effective, and sustainable manner. However, for it to be more useful, there is a need for uninterrupted water supply, culturally sensitive promotional activities, resources for rewards and recognition, continuity of focal teacher and students' leader, and develop mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of initiative. Also, to enhance health impact, "One School, One Nurse" initiative may be replicated and scaled up.

Objective: To share the experience regarding an innovative approach, "Seven-Flag Approach to Total Sanitation (7 FATS) in Schools" introduced in Nepal. Background: Safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand hygiene remained an unfinished millennial agenda and is carried over as part of SDG 6 and allied goals in Nepal. Particularly, to improve sanitation services in schools, Government of Nepal implemented several initiatives. While there was an apparent improvement, equally the continuing challenges have been the sustainability, the needed behavioural change, and lack of motivation both amongst teachers and students. 7 FATS or total sanitation in schools is an approach, which addresses these issues. Concept: The underlying concept is that, as minimum requirement, children in school should use clean toilets, wash hands with soap, and drink water from a safe supply. In this manner, children, who spend a substantial part of their time in schools, can improve their own hygiene behavior, and also take the message to their families and communities, thus acting as agents to improve their knowledge and impact behaveiour towards hygiene. Practice and process: Seven steps involved include: constitution of a school sanitation team; after training the team analyses the sanitation situation of school; organisations of a sanitation conference to orient all students on 7 FATS concept and practice; students are divided into seven groups to compete for 7 FATS activities; fund raising to support 7 FATS in schools; winner groups are rewards; and school is declared as 7 FATS School when all seven groups have raised their flags to full stand. Discussion: concept paper, documentary and leaflet, and a 7 FATS-WASH handbook has been developed as advocacy and standardised implementation tool. But it is the technical assistance, demonstration effect, sanitation conferences attended by dignitaries and parents, reward and recognition of winner groups, and adoption of schools by national and international organisations for implementing 7FATS. Conclusion and recommendations: 7FATS approach proved to be a powerful tool for driving school towards total sanitation in an integrated, effective, and sustainable manner. However, for it to be more useful, there is a need for uninterrupted water supply, culturally sensitive promotional activities, resources for rewards and recognition, continuity of focal teacher and students' leader, and develop mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation of initiative. Also, to enhance health impact, "One School, One Nurse" initiative may be replicated and scaled up.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: To support recent political commitments to end tuberculosis (TB) in the World Health Organization South-East Asian Region (SEAR), there is a need to understand by what measures, and with what investment, these goals could be reached. These questions were addressed by using mathematical models of TB transmission by doing the analysis on a country-by-country basis in SEAR. METHODS: A dynamical model of TB transmission was developed, in consultation with each of the 11 countries in the SEAR. Three intervention scenarios were examined: (i) strengthening basic TB services (including private sector engagement), (ii) accelerating TB case-finding and notification, and (iii) deployment of a prognostic biomarker test by 2025, to guide mass preventive therapy of latent TB infection. Each scenario was built on the preceding ones, in successive combination. RESULTS: Comprehensive improvements in basic TB services by 2020, in combination with accelerated case-finding to increase TB detection by at least two-fold by 2020, could lead to a reduction in TB incidence rates in SEAR by 67.3 per cent [95% credible intervals (CrI) 65.3-69.8] and TB deaths by 80.9 per cent (95% CrI 77.9-84.7) in 2035, relative to 2015. These interventions alone would require an additional investment of at least US$ 25 billion. However, their combined effect is insufficient to reach the end TB targets of 80 per cent by 2030 and 90 per cent by 2035. Model projections show how additionally, deployment of a biomarker test by 2025 could end TB in the region by 2035. Targeting specific risk groups, such as slum dwellers, could mitigate the coverage needed in the general population, to end TB in the Region. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: While the scale-up of currently available strategies may play an important role in averting TB cases and deaths in the Region, there will ultimately be a need for novel, mass preventive measures, to meet the end TB goals. Achieving these impacts will require a substantial escalation in funding ...