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THE STUDY OF IDENTITY OFFERS A POSSIBILITY TO THEORIZE ON THE HUMAN COLLECTIVES OF WORLD POLITICS, TO GIVE THEM AN ONTOLOGICAL STATUS, AND TO DISCUSS HOW THEY ARE CONSTITUTED AND MAINTAIN THEMSELVES. THE FIRST PART DISCUSSES SOCIAL THEORIZING OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY ALONG THE ETHNOGRAPHIC, THE PSYCHOLOGICAL, THE CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHICAL, AND PARTICULARLY, THE "EASTERN EXCURSION" OF THEORIZING; BAKHTIN, LEVINAS AND KRISTEVA ARE LAUDED FOR JETTISONING A DIALECTICAL MODE OF ANALYSIS IN FAVOR OF A DIALOGICAL ONE WHICH RESPECTS DIFFERENCE. THE SECOND PART DISCUSSES HOW DER DERIAN, SHAPIRO, CAMPBELL, THE "COPENHAGEN COTERIE" AND WENDT HAVE BROUGHT THIS THEORIZING INTO IR, AND ASSESS THEIR WORK IN TERMS OF THAT DISCUSSED IN THE FIRST PART. THE STUDY OF IDENTITY FORMATION SHOULD DO AWAY WITH PSYCHOLOGIZING CONJECTURE AND FOCUS ON THE DRAWING ON SOCIAL BOUNDARIES AND THE ROLE PLAYED BY GROUPS WHO ARE AMBIGUOUSLY POISED BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE OTHERS. COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES ARE OVERLAPPING AND MULTIFACETED PHENOMENA WHICH MUST NOT BE REIFIED AND STUDIED IN INSOLATION FROM ONE ANOTHER.

THE DOWNFALL OF THE SOVIET UNION AND THE RISE OF THE NEW RUSSIA ONCE AGAIN THREW OPEN THE QUESTION OF RUSSIAN IDENTITY. THIS ARTICLE ARGUES THAT RUSSIA'S RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE AND THE WEST IS NOT ONLY AN IMPORTANT, BUT INDEED A NECESSARY INGREDIENT OF THIS DEBATE, AND THAT TODAY'S RUSSIAN DEBATE ABOUT EUROPE IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE SAMIZDAT DEBATES OF THE 1960S AND THE DEBATES OF THE TSARIST PERIOD, AND THAT THE MAIN REASON FOR THIS MUST BE SOUGHT NOT IN ANY DOMESTIC RUSSIAN TRADITION, BUT IN RUSSIA'S PERPIHERAL POSITION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM.

Poor control of cardiovascular disease accounts for a substantial proportion of the disease burden in developing countries, but often essential anticoagulant medicines for preventing strokes and embolisms are not widely available. In 2019, direct oral anticoagulants were added to the World Health Organization's WHO Model list of essential medicines. The aims of this paper are to summarize the benefits of direct oral anticoagulants for patients with cardiovascular disease and to discuss ways of increasing their usage internationally. Although the cost of direct oral anticoagulants has provoked debate, the affordability of introducing these drugs into clinical practice could be increased by: price negotiation; pooled procurement; competitive tendering; the use of patent pools; and expanded use of generics. In 2017, only 14 of 137 countries that had adopted national essential medicines lists included a direct oral anticoagulant on their lists. This number could increase rapidly if problems with availability and affordability can be tackled. Once the types of patient likely to benefit from direct oral anticoagulants have been clearly defined in clinical practice guidelines, coverage can be more accurately determined and associated costs can be better managed. Government action is required to ensure that direct oral anticoagulants are covered by national budgets because the absence of reimbursement remains an impediment to achieving universal coverage. Tackling cardiovascular disease with the aid of direct oral anticoagulants is an essential component of efforts to achieve the World Health Organization's target of reducing premature deaths due to noncommunicable disease by 25% by 2025.

Poor control of cardiovascular disease accounts for a substantial proportion of the disease burden in developing countries, but often essential anticoagulant medicines for preventing strokes and embolisms are not widely available. In 2019, direct oral anticoagulants were added to the World Health Organization's WHO Model list of essential medicines. The aims of this paper are to summarize the benefits of direct oral anticoagulants for patients with cardiovascular disease and to discuss ways of increasing their usage internationally. Although the cost of direct oral anticoagulants has provoked debate, the affordability of introducing these drugs into clinical practice could be increased by: price negotiation; pooled procurement; competitive tendering; the use of patent pools; and expanded use of generics. In 2017, only 14 of 137 countries that had adopted national essential medicines lists included a direct oral anticoagulant on their lists. This number could increase rapidly if problems with availability and affordability can be tackled. Once the types of patient likely to benefit from direct oral anticoagulants have been clearly defined in clinical practice guidelines, coverage can be more accurately determined and associated costs can be better managed. Government action is required to ensure that direct oral anticoagulants are covered by national budgets because the absence of reimbursement remains an impediment to achieving universal coverage. Tackling cardiovascular disease with the aid of direct oral anticoagulants is an essential component of efforts to achieve the World Health Organization's target of reducing premature deaths due to noncommunicable disease by 25% by 2025.