Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; Due to the lack of knowledge and use of ICT in rural areas, development is at a very low rate. Some improvement and advancement in the technologies provided by the government but there is no more effect in the development of rural areas. Information and communication technologies are developing day by day but are less applicable in rural areas. Lack of communication and resources are the cause of undeveloped. Main problem are in rural areas are electricity, communication, transportation and lack of knowledge about new technology. ICT is not being completely implemented by the government and non government organization for rural and urban areas. Electricity is the main hindrance in development. There may be different basic solution to solve the electricity problem by using solar energy, bio fuels, bio gas, wind energy etc. E-governance and non government organization can develop rural areas with the help of technologies. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Delhi, the capital city of India, is the third largest city in the country by area and the second largest by population. It supports a population of over 16.7 million (Census of India, 2011). The city has a long history of political dominance by various dynasties. For a long time, its relevance as the political center of India led to the migration of different communities from all over the country, shaping its cultural heritage. The Delhi region is part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains with the Yamuna River flowing eastward through it (Figure 5.1). The plain is at an elevation of approximately 220 m above mean sea level. However, its maximum and minimum elevation levels can differ by as much as 60 m (Singh, 1999). The Yamuna River enters Delhi at Palla Village to the north and leaves at Okhla Barrage and is approximately 35 km long. It has 97 km2 of active floodplain bounded by bunds (embankments), a zone with lots of potential from the groundwater point of view (CGWB, 2006a). The National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and its adjacent regions have traditionally faced water scarcity. Several water storage and groundwater recharge structures, some dating back to the eleventh century, can still be seen around Delhi (CSE, 2011). However, the last six decades have seen unprecedented population growth and extensive urbanization of the city, leading to a severe shortage of freshwater resources. The Delhi Jal Board (DJB), the agency responsible for water supplies in Delhi, provides approximately 650 million gallons a day (MGD) to the city. However, water demand is about 900 MGD and thus there is a shortage of 250 MGD (Shekhar and Prasad, 2009). This shortage has come about as a result of rapid migration of people into the city. The demand for water in the city is fulfilled by developing groundwater and diverting surface water from neighboring states. ; Not Available

Not Available ; In Peninsular India community tank systems are integral part of rural livelihoods for centuries. The interactions between human, land and water are highest in tanks and provides highest productivity both in agriculture and ecosystem uses. Tanks have multiple functions and several outputs like food (fish), fodder (tank bed) and fuel (bushes), ecosystem services like biodiversity (flora, fauna, avian), groundwater recharge and supporting services like washing, bathing, retting, etc. Tanks serve as a common pool resource and have various stakeholders ranging from government agencies, local panchayat, farmers, rural rich and poor. The breakdown of traditional system has resulted in encroachment, siltation, weed growth and poor inflows. Over exploitation of groundwater through bore wells have made these water bodies as a neglected entity, truly as "tragedy of commons". Poor management practices of catchment have resulted in silting of most of these water bodies and significant reduction of storage capacity. Silt deposit has not only reduced the storage capacity but also groundwater recharge, eutrophication of tanks and most importantly higher release of carbon to atmosphere through silt mediated anaerobic decomposition of organic carbon. Good practices such as desilting and application of silt to agricultural fields have been abandoned. Continued mining by crops and reduced application of organic manures has resulted in deficiency of several nutrients particularly that of micronutrients. Recycling of tank silt provides a win-win situation to both, improvement in soil health and renovation of the tank. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Organic Farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for safe and healthy food and concerns on environmental pollution associated with the indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals. Though the use of chemical inputs in agriculture is inevitable to meet the growing demand for food in India, there are opportunities in selected crops and niche areas where organic production could be encouraged to tap the domestic and export markets. Keeping this in view, the Government of India initiated the National Programme on Organic Production (NPOP) in Xth Five Year Plan under which many promotional and policy initiatives were taken up. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) also initiated a network project on organic farming and data is being generated on the feasibility and economics of organic production of important crops in various agro-ecological regions of the country. Farmers in rainfed areas grow a large variety of crops with negligible inputs. Through proper training and organization of farmers groups, some of the areas and crops with good market potential can be encouraged to go organic. However, there exist several research gaps both in nutrient and pest management in different production systems which need to be bridged to enable farmers to produce crops organically. The main challenge is to evolve a package of practices by using inputs permitted in certified organic farming without compromising on the yield levels. I am happy to note that CRIDA has organized a Winter School on Organic Farming in Rainfed Agriculture during November 1-21, 2007 during which a large number expert faculty shared their experiences. The invited papers from the faculty have been reviewed and brought out in the form of a book by Dr. B. Venkateswarlu, the Course Director and his colleagues. This book contains very useful information on the scope of organic farming in different rainfed crops and cropping systems, opportunities in nutrient management through green leaf manuring, bio-fertilizers, vermicompost and other permitted inputs, role of cropping systems in soil fertility build up; use of bio-pesticides and bio-agents for non-chemical pest management, organic horticulture, dairy farming, policy and promotional activities in different states and certification aspects of organic farming. I am confident that this publication will be useful to researchers, development department officials, extension staff, policy makers and all those interested in organic farming ; Not Available

Not Available ; Rainfed agro-ecoecosystem represents the largest agricultural production system of India. It accounts for over 65 % of the net cultivated area, houses 40 % of human and over 60 % of cattle population. Yet this region witnesses deprivation and high incidence of poverty. Agriculture here depends entirely on the erratic and ill-distributed rainfall. High risk associated with low investment capacity of farmers often results in higher rate of migration, school dropouts, food insecurity and poverty. Though there is a considerable fund of knowledge to help tackle the problem of low agricultural productivity, it has often not succeeded in translating the gains into reduced poverty and improved rural livelihoods. The awareness that the problems faced by the rural society are far more complex and that better technology alone is not the answer (Ramachandran and Mahipal 1999) is gaining ground. And that facilitating rural communities with an enabling environment will go a long way in tackling the problems is being increasingly realized. In the present context of 'global village' the gap between the urban 'knowledge society' and the rural society is much wider and felt more significantly than perhaps two decades ago. Technological divide between the rich and the poor, and the rural and the urban have long existed. But this has never been so strongly felt as is felt in the present era of 'information age'. It is being strongly recognized that agriculture sector in general and rainfed agriculture in particular has been bypassed by the advancements in information and communication technology (ICT) that has swept the industry and the service sectors. It is heartening to note that this opinion is echoed in several fora and the government and the civil society are debating this issue at length. The paradigm of agricultural development and poverty alleviation through out the developing world is assuming far more complex forms. Thus, conventional ways of delivering to the agrarian societies and the rural poor are being challenged. Aside from biotechnology, the on-going revolution in ICT is being seen as holding tremendous hope for 'reaching the un-reached' (Dar 2004). Developments in ICT have transformed traditional societies into knowledge societies. When used as a tool for providing the rural poor with knowledge that helps them to avail a better livelihood, ICT can potentially herald a new era in development sciences. Technically, it can build communities across great distances and bring people together. It can complement and supplement the existing extension and communication systems and improve efficiency. It can expand information flow, make knowledge more accessible to people across a wider area and to facilitate the poor to make better choices, articulate opinions, demand rights, and to have more control over the way they want to live. 217 The potential is enormous. The problems are plenty. And the options are many. There is evidence of many pilot projects having made significant changes in the lives of the rural poor. These are highly sporadic and too few to significantly impact the magnitude of problems rural India is facing. But there is a long and tough way ahead. The need of the hour however is a carefully planned ICT4D policy to be implemented efficiently ; Not Available

Not Available ; The demand for energy especially in small scale applications is increasing day by day worldwide. The major quantum of energy demand is met through fossil fuels. The associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has been of serious global environmental concern. This has made it necessary for future projected energy demand to come from renewable energy sources in other to reduce GHGs emission to an acceptable level. Globally, crop residue biomass has been acknowledged as a positive alternative source of energy because it is renewable, cheaper, readily available and carbon neutral. In this study a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) based methodology was developed to assess the availability of groundnut shell and beans husks in Bogoro Local government area. The analysis gave a total residue estimate in the study area to be 133,687.68 tonnes and 215,725.8 tonnes for beans husks and groundnut shell respectively. Out of the 10 wards considered Boi B ward has the highest residue of 33,639.8 tonnes followed by Lusa A ward with 31,986 tonnes for groundnut. While for Beans, Lusa A has the highest value of 16,572.92 followed by Bogoro B with 15,582.28 tonnes. This information is important to the successful utilization of these residues ; Not Available

Not Available ; Increasing evidence over the past few decades indicate that significant changes in climate are taking place worldwide as a result of enhanced human activities. The inventions that were discovered during last few centuries, more so in the last century has altered the concentration of atmospheric constituents that lead to global warming. The major cause to climate change has been ascribed to the increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxides (NO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) beyond their natural levels due to the uncontrolled activities such as burning of fossil fuels, increased use of refrigerants, and enhanced agricultural related practices. These activities accelerated the processes of climate change and increased the mean global temperatures by 0.6°C during the past 100 years, a phenomenon known as global warming. It has also induced increased climatic variability and occurrence of extreme weather events in many parts of the world. Studies indicate that the years viz., 1997, 1998 and 1999 during the past century, recorded more warmer conditions across the globe, and the process continued in this decade also. Summer 2002 and 2003 were declared as warmest years on record by NOAA especially in the Asian sub continent and in Europe where the temperatures remained extremely high for long periods resulting in death of 20,000 human populations in Europe alone. Scientists attribute this to a long-term warming trend over the globe. In large part of Asia, agricultural production is mainly dependent on the monsoonal rains. Evidences also indicate that large-scale climatic variations are prevalent at micro-regional level influencing the rainfall distribution in different parts of Asia. The causes of these regional climate changes vary from global to region level. It is evident that there was, there is and there will be climate variability at global, regional and local levels. Since climate is closely related to human activities and economic development including agricultural system, there is a serious concern about its stability (Sinha et al., 2000). The awareness of the magnitude of the impact of climate change on society by the various governments led to adoption of an International Convention on Climate Change by United Nations in 1992. Article 2 of this convention called the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) makes two relevant stipulations relevant and important to agriculture, which is (a) prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climatic system, and (b) to ensure that food production is not threatened. The two are related and need in-depth analysis. The global climate system is a consequence of a link between the atmosphere, the oceans, the biosphere, the cryosphere, and the geosphere and any change to this system produced by forcing agents - results in climate change. Some of the atmospheric constituents such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are transparent to short wave solar radiation and opaque to 331 long wave radiation emitted by earths surface, thus, trapping the heat from sunlight near the Earth's surface known popularly as green house effect. This effect keeps the planet 33°C warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing the earth to support life. With the advent of the industrial revolution, there has been a tremendous growth in the fossil-fuel utilization leading to increased carbon dioxide emissions over the globe especially since 1950s. In addition to this, the emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chlorine and bromine compounds used in refrigeration and other industrial uses not only have an impact on the radiative forcing, but also have led to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Land-use change, due to urbanization and deforestation and agricultural practices, affect the physical and biological properties of the Earth's surface. Such effects also change the radiative forcing and have a potential impact on regional and global climate ; Not Available

Not Available ; The oldest regions of linseed (Linum usitassimum L.) cultivation are reported to be in Asia and on the Mediterranean coast. Linseed is extensively grown in the countries of the temperate zone as well as in those of the tropical zone. The major linseed growing countries are Argentina, the former USSR countries, India, the USA, Canada, Pakistan and Australia. India accounts for about 1.9 million hectares, with a seed production of 4.98 Iakhs of tonnes and occupies the third rank among the linseed-producing countries. Australia and Canada have the highest productivity of about 0.7 t/ha. The yield in the country is the lowest in the world. In India, the major linseed growing states are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Nagaland. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh together contribute to the national linseed production to the extent of about 70 per cent. Linseed occupies a greater importance among oilseeds owing to its various uses and special qualities. It is grown mainly for seed used for extracting oil in rainfed conditions. The oil content of the seed varies from 33-47%. Linseed oil is an excellent dyeing oil used in manufacturing paints and varnishes, oilcloth, waterproof fabrics and linoleum and as edible oil in some areas. Linseed cake is a very good manure and animal feed. Dual-purpose linseed straw produces fibre of good quality. Linseed is also used in making paper and plastics. That is why it is also known as plastic crop. Linseed is grown in the range of latitudes between the 10th and 65th parallels, both north and south. Its cultivation is confined to low elevations, but it can be successfully grown up to 770 m. Areas with the annual rainfall ranging from 450-750 mm are best suited for its cultivation. The seed crop does well under moderate semi-arid cold, but the fibre crop grows best in cool moist sub-humid climates. In lndia, the crop is grown in the rabi season from September-October to February-March. Linseed can be grown on different kinds of soils, except the sandy and badly drained heavy clays or clay loams. It does well on clay loams, deep clayey black soils of central and peninsular India and on the alluvium loams of the Indo-Gangetic plains. ; Not Available

Not Available ; The oldest regions of linseed (Linum usitassimum L.) cultivation are reported to be in Asia and on the Mediterranean coast. Linseed is extensively grown in the countries of the temperate zone as well as in those of the tropical zone. The major linseed growing countries are Argentina, the former USSR countries, India, the USA, Canada, Pakistan and Australia. India accounts for about 1.9 million hectares, with a seed production of 4.98 Iakhs of tonnes and occupies the third rank among the linseed-producing countries. Australia and Canada have the highest productivity of about 0.7 t/ha. The yield in the country is the lowest in the world. In India, the major linseed growing states are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Nagaland. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh together contribute to the national linseed production to the extent of about 70 per cent. Linseed occupies a greater importance among oilseeds owing to its various uses and special qualities. It is grown mainly for seed used for extracting oil in rainfed conditions. The oil content of the seed varies from 33-47%. Linseed oil is an excellent dyeing oil used in manufacturing paints and varnishes, oilcloth, waterproof fabrics and linoleum and as edible oil in some areas. Linseed cake is a very good manure and animal feed. Dual-purpose linseed straw produces fibre of good quality. Linseed is also used in making paper and plastics. That is why it is also known as plastic crop. Linseed is grown in the range of latitudes between the 10th and 65th parallels, both north and south. Its cultivation is confined to low elevations, but it can be successfully grown up to 770 m. Areas with the annual rainfall ranging from 450-750 mm are best suited for its cultivation. The seed crop does well under moderate semi-arid cold, but the fibre crop grows best in cool moist sub-humid climates. In lndia, the crop is grown in the rabi season from September-October to February-March. Linseed can be grown on different kinds of soils, except the sandy and badly drained heavy clays or clay loams. It does well on clay loams, deep clayey black soils of central and peninsular India and on the alluvium loams of the Indo-Gangetic plains. ; Not Available

Not Available ; India has undergone a series of ups and downs in agricultural production with the climatic conditions playing havoc in the years of abnormality. We faced many droughts in 18th and 19th centuries without much know how to counterfeit their impacts. With the launch of Green Revolution (GR) in the late middle years of 20th century, India has improved its position in food grain production with technological interventions. The States of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh could make use of GR technologies like high yielding varieties of rice and wheat, use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation facilities etc. and made enormous progress in food production. Currently, agroecosystems are facing the problems of overexploitation of natural resources, decline in soil fertility, ground water level and agricultural productivity. Hence, ensuring sustainable food security is the need of the hour. As per the statement of Minister of State for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Government of India (March, 2013), India's productivity of rice (3590 kg/ha) is lower than China (6686 kg/ha), Bangladesh (4219 kg) and Myanmar (4081 kg). Whereas India's productivity of wheat (1661kg) is lower than China (4838 kg) in 2011. China performed better in the productivity of coarse grains (5470 kg) and pulses (1533 kg) when compared to India which stood at 1591 kg and 699 kg respectively. India's per hectare production of pulses is the lowest when compared to its six neighbours - Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Besides all our efforts to enhance agricultural productivity through a huge network of institutions, we are still lagging behind due to numerous problems that are inherent in our system. At present, our aim should be to enhance the agricultural productivity without causing much damage to the natural resources and production environment. This calls for a stringent action to evolve varieties and technologies/innovations which can enhance the production/productivity of agricultural crops under changing climatic scenarios. This is possible through some innovative techniques like inducing C4 ness in rice, developing multiple resistant cultivars through MAGIC iv (multiparent advanced generation intercross), development of super hybrids, application of GIS/Remote sensing technologies, nanotechnology, crop modeling etc. All the new generation technologies require policy support for their development as well as adoption for harnessing their full potential benefits. At the same time, the institutions involved in research, extension activities, development departments, banking, planning and execution should all come together and work in coherence to make this a successful venture. This book contains lead papers from distinguished experts, policy makers and dedicated researchers. Efforts are made to compile the latest information on present agricultural scenario in India in comparison with other developed and developing nations and also the major problems faced by Indian agriculture, types of innovations required in research, policy and institutional set up to meet the ever increasing demands for food and nutritional security. It also emphasizes the steps to be taken up by various stakeholders involved in the agricultural production scenario to make agriculture a profitable proposition, without causing much damage to the natural environment. It also covers the important measures to be adopted for creating interest among youth for agriculture and to improve their livelihood security through various interventions by public and private sectors. We hope that this book would be of immense use to researchers in planning their future line of research, for policy makers to take rational decisions on Indian agriculture which would benefit farmers as well as consumers by protecting the soil and environmental quality, for students and general public to have a wealth of information on agriculture in India. It must be mentioned here that while the scholarly papers included in this volume do help enrich the readers' understanding on the issues related to the climate change and sustainable food security, the views expressed by the authors in their respective papers are their own and the editors do not necessarily subscribe to them. We thank all the contributors to this volume. Our special thanks are due to Dr.V.S. Ramamurthy, Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) Bangalore, Dr. Ajay v Parida, Executive Director, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) Chennai, Dr. Parveen Arora, Adviser (ScF), Department of Science & Technology, Government of India (GOI), New Delhi, Dr. A. Arunachalam, Principal Scientific Officer to Director General, ICAR, GOI, New Delhi for their support and encouragement at every stage of its preparation. We are very grateful to Ms. G. F. Aiyasha, Mrs. Mariyammal, Mr.Thomas K.Varghese and Dr. K. Manorama for their kind involvement and contribution. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Today energy crisis is worldwide because conventional forms of energy supply and consumption are causing serious economical as well as environmental problems. In our country consumption of petroleum products is increasing day-by-day resulting in huge gap of demand and supply. India rank 6th in the world in terms of energy demand accounting for 3.5 percent of world commercial energy demand in 2001. India currently imports about 70 percent of its petroleum needs by paying Rs.1, 27,000 crores every year. The demand target may be 120.4 m t for 2006-07. Our domestic production of crude oil and natural gas will remain around 33.97 m t during 2006-07.The huge gap between demand and supply of 86.43 m t may be met only by import or by producing biofuels. The current consumption of diesel in India is approximately 40 m t forming about 40% of the total petroleum product consumption. This is expected to reach 52.32 m t by 2006-07 growing at approximately 5.6 % per annum. Government of India has already introduced petrol blended with 5 percent ethanol for use in motor vehicles in 9 states. A committee constituted by Planning Commission for Development of Biofuels recommended replacing about 10 % of diesel with biodiesel by the end of year 2011-2012 (Singh, 2003). Biodiesel production was spread in 21 countries mainly in Europe, Malaysia and USA. The largest biodiesel plant currently in operation was in Rouen, France with a capacity of 120, 000 tonnes. France is currently the world largest producer of biodiesel using it in 50 percent blend with petrol and diesel. During the last few decades, researchers tried all the edible and non-edible vegetable oils in compression ignition and spark ignition engines for different utilities. Since India cannot afford the usage of edible vegetable oils as power source because of short supply, planners suggested the use of non-edible vegetable oils as alternative fuels like Pongamia, Jatropha, and Neem etc. As Indian nation consists of 40 % of wasteland, it is better to develop all these lands by growing non edible oil plants which not only gives the oil but also enriches the environment by adding the green forest cover for ecological balance. In India, rural areas, in general are facing steep power crisis during the last two decades. Farmers are unable to irrigate their lands because of interrupted and short-term power supply. Finally it is effecting the agriculture production very badly. In this context, it is better to use the available plants, which produce the non-edible oil seeds to cater the needs at rural level for self-sustainability. Though there are more than 300 different species of trees, which produce oil-bearing seeds, Pongamia and Jatropha are the drought 177 resistant plants, which grow with limited water. These two plants suit for the Andhra Pradesh ecological zone as it consists of 60 % of dryland, which has enough potential to meet the fossil fuel demand at rural level. Hence these plants can well be utilized to produce the biodiesel at rural and industrial level. All over the world, the trials on biodiesel blending with diesel and other oils are still continued. In Andhra Pradesh, Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) of Adilabad district has started a pilot project at Utnoor with the effort of SuTRA (Sustainable Transformation of Rural Areas). Here, the villagers collect the Pongamia seed from the nearby forest and extract the oil using expellers. The filtered oil is then used to run the generator (50 W) to supply the electricity to the 100 houses in a village. This project created hopes in villages regarding self-sustainability in producing power. ; Not Available

Not Available ; International think-tank, such as "Our Common Future' in 1987, the Rio Declaration' and 'Agenda 21' in 1992, and the Johansberg Declaration ' in 2002, have created recognition that concerted efforts are needed to develop sustained land use practices to minimize further harm to natural resources. Maintaining and enhancing the quality of natural resources have emerged as key issues globally (World Bank, 2001). Control over the use of resources on land has emerged as significant issues in natural resource management (Yencken and Wilkinson, 2000), and the land use planning system provides an opportunity to control land use, further conservation of natural resources. The challenge faced by natural resource management agencies either governmental or non- governmental will involve changing perceptions over how land is used (Mitchell et al., 2004). ; Not Available

Not Available ; This paper is an extensive comment on five Nordic EIA studies from the perspective of planning theory. It is shown how issues raised and problems encountered in several of these studies relate to current debates in the international planning literature. The themes receiving most attention are the different functions of the EIA process as deliberative democracy and technocratic prediction of effects, EIA as managing uncertainty and locational conflict, EIA as a vehicle for public involvement, communicative distortions in impact assessment, the use and misuse of EIA results, and the relationship between EIA problems and organisational design. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Introduction The rainfed agro ecosystem in India covers arid, semi arid and sub humid zones which represents more than 70% of the geographical area. Sixty six percent of the 142 m.ha. cultivated area is rainfed. Unlike irrigated areas where homogenous, high intensive cropping systems are common, rainfed farming systems are more diverse and heterogenous. Coarse cereals, pulses, oilseeds and cotton are the major cropping systems. Livestock farming plays an important role in farmer's livelihood. Historically, rainfed farmers followed a low intensive sustainable farming system with excellent integration of crops-trees-pastures and livestock. However, from 70s, with the introduction of hybrids and high yielding varieties particularly in sorghum, pearlmillet and oilseeds, a shift of cropping pattern towards monoculture took place and a corresponding increase in the use of chemical inputs in crop production. The various developmental schemes of the Government of India under different missions have also contributed towards increased use of chemical inputs and higher production. Rainfed Agriculture : Low Input Farming However, the vast majority of rainfed farmers in remote areas still practice low external input or no external input farming which is well integrated with livestock, particularly small ruminants. The average use of chemical fertilizers in rainfed areas based on a survey of non irrigated SAT districts was found to be 18.5 kg as against 58 kg in the irrigated districts (Katyal and Reddy, 1997). Based on several surveys and reports, it is estimated that upto 30% of the rainfed farmers in many remote areas of the country do not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Thus, many resource poor farmers are practicing organic farming by default. The Government of India task force on organic farming and several other reviewers have identified rainfed areas and regions in north east as more suitable for organic farming in view of the low input use (GOI, 2001; Dwivedi 2005; Ramesh et al 2005). ; Not Available

Not Available ; The 37th Feed The Future-India Triangular Training (FTF-ITT) on "Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)" is being organized during 20th August - 3rd September 2019. The program is sponsored by USAID representing United States and is being implemented jointly by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) and Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI). The main objective of the program is to address human and institutional capacity gaps in Agriculture and allied sectors to achieve food and nutritional security, in twenty selected African (Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) and Asian (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka) countries. ; Not Available