Suchergebnisse

The study of thinking methods has received great attention in educational and other societal institutions, which have become of utmost importance to developing the capabilities of members of society in their various locations in the field of thinking, in an era characterized by scientific wealth and modern technology, and this requires multiple thinking methods to confront and try to overcome them. This study aimed to identify the prevailing thinking methods of students of the Faculty of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, and to study the differences in thinking methods in light of their academic specialization. The study population consisted of students of the Faculty of Education for the year 2020 - 2019, where the fourth stage was chosen, the Faculty of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, as a research community, and it reached ( 1426) male and female students with (644 ) males ( 782 ) females. By class selection, the research sample was determined consisting of (400) students of the fourth stage and for all departments except the two departments (kindergarten and the first grade teacher), where they were taken as a reconnaissance sample to complete the sociological procedures of the research . The list of thinking methods of Sternberg and Wagons was applied to the study sample, and this list measures thirteen thinking methods consisting of (65 ) individuals, with an average of five vocabulary for each thinking method, which is of the type of self-esteem. The study concluded that the dominant way of thinking among students is the legislative, hierarchical, and executive method. She also pointed to significant differences between disciplines in the Faculty of Basic Education in thinking methods and in favor of scientific disciplines.

The study of thinking methods has received great attention in educational and other societal institutions, which have become of utmost importance to developing the capabilities of members of society in their various locations in the field of thinking, in an era characterized by scientific wealth and modern technology, and this requires multiple thinking methods to confront and try to overcome them. This study aimed to identify the prevailing thinking methods of students of the Faculty of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, and to study the differences in thinking methods in light of their academic specialization. The study population consisted of students of the Faculty of Education for the year 2020 - 2019, where the fourth stage was chosen, the Faculty of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, as a research community, and it reached ( 1426) male and female students with (644 ) males ( 782 ) females. By class selection, the research sample was determined consisting of (400) students of the fourth stage and for all departments except the two departments (kindergarten and the first grade teacher), where they were taken as a reconnaissance sample to complete the sociological procedures of the research . The list of thinking methods of Sternberg and Wagons was applied to the study sample, and this list measures thirteen thinking methods consisting of (65 ) individuals, with an average of five vocabulary for each thinking method, which is of the type of self-esteem. The study concluded that the dominant way of thinking among students is the legislative, hierarchical, and executive method. She also pointed to significant differences between disciplines in the Faculty of Basic Education in thinking methods and in favor of scientific disciplines.

Abstract
This article engages with some salient issues relating to child labour in colonial and post-colonial Africa. The central argument hinges on the inconclusive assault of capital on pre-capitalist socio-economic formation in Africa and the urgent intellectual task of liberating the study of child labour from humanitarian, United Nations and non-governmental organisation bureaucrats by privileging the voices of children themselves. The first section deals with historiographical issues, while the second focuses on agriculture, aspects of urban poverty and the emergence of a Lumpenproletariat to examine the transformation from above which took place after the colonial state was created at the turn of the century. The third section addresses two insidious categories of child labour in the post-colony: child trafficking and child soldiers. The final section grapples with the moral economy of child labour by interrogating the complex array of instruments that have emerged on the global scene to address what is today seen as the child labour 'problem'.

Sierra Leoneans were shocked when video clips of the Central Correctional Centre gallows began circulating on social media after the Minister of Internal Affairs instructed the prison authorities to get ready to take life. The Minister's pronouncement came hot on the heels of a series of alleged gang-related murders that rocked Freetown in 2016. What are the complex linkages between street violence and youth marginalisation? How might violence among marginal youth relate to unplanned urbanisation, the retreat of the state, the neoliberal paradigm, and the wider political economy – all trappings of an exclusionary globalisation process that continues to exclude those at the periphery? This article describes the appropriation by marginal actors of global cultural influences and their transcription into deadly weapons of the weak in furtherance of a survivalist objective anchored in citizenship. The research is based on fieldwork conducted in five cities in Sierra Leone – group discussions and in-depth interviews with over 300 participants, all identifying themselves as gangsters belonging to one of the three dominant team/ set federations: Crip, Blood, and Black (Black Hood or Black Game). Problematising their quotidian existence in contemporary Africa raises fundamental questions about globalisation and citizenship in the making of subaltern subjectivities.



Ibrahim Abdullah, Department of History and African Studies, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. Email: Ibdullah@gmail.com

Scholars, NGO activists, and journalists have fed the official mind and popular imagination with a particular kind of explanation of conflict that privileges the economic. Civil war is about resources: rebels are motivated by greed, not grievance. Rebels mine diamonds to buy arms. Diamonds are the heart of the matter. A robust campaign against "blood diamonds" - diamond coming from conflict areas- is one way of depriving rebels of funds to make war. Devoid of historical context,explanations such as these remain captivating but unhelpful.