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This book contributes to understanding the political developments in Iraq between 2003 and 2014, through the lens of consociationalism, and contributes to understanding of why the Iraqi institutions, which were intended by the U.S. to have a broadly consociational character, have not looked and worked in that manner in practice.

Capitalism and Socialism prevail over and converted world into bipolar. U.S.S.R was super power of world and leader of Eastern Europe and Socialist Block. There was a state of constant confrontation between two Super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union that led to disintegration of USSR. Central Asian states get independence from USSR. It changed the political significance of Russia at global forums. The politics of world converted to unipolar world. Socio-economic reconstruction calls for the strength of a democratic state capable of inspiring its citizen to self-interested voluntary cooperation. Achieving the constructive project, and organizing a social consensus for its implementation. The purpose of study is to analyze vision of political leadership of Russia for dominance in central Asian Muslim states. This perception has started from the day of independence of states of Central Asia. New shift has occurred in the region. The political significance is independent variable and dependency of Asian States is dependent variable with assumption. It is in debate that communism is sufficient political system for survival for regional countries in leadership of Russia.

Transport mode attributes have often been neglected in the retailing and transportation literature in retail outlets choice studies. Most of the retailing and transportation literature has only adopted the traditional measures of deterrence, namely, travel time, distance and/or travel cost. Similar phenomena exist in real estate research, particularly in real estate market analysis and valuation. However, a few studies have shown that other attributes of the travel component, such as comfort, reliability of transport mode, etc., are significant in affecting shopping centres' patronage. With the heightening of issues such as sustainable development and environmental pollution, many governments are gearing to provide greater choices and better quality public transport modes to shopping centres. Therefore, with more transport options, shoppers are likely to consider the characteristics of each transport option in greater detail in their choice of shopping centres. Therefore, in view of this widespread phenomenon, it is timely to provide greater understanding of the travel components in shopping trips. In the light of the above development, this paper aims to disaggregate the travel components in shopping centre choice. By way of principal component analysis, it presents the salient dimensions of transport attributes and shopping centre characteristics in shopping centre choice. Using the weighted factor rating, it found that, in addition to the shopping centre attributes, as well as the conventional measures of travel components, shoppers consider other travel factors in their choice of shopping centres. This in turn has implications on valuation practices.

PurposeFrom the perspective of the macro‐economy and real estate sector interaction, this paper aims to examine the maturing prime retail real estate sector versus the developing suburban retail real estate sector.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a highly specific dynamic computable general equilibrium model under system dynamics programming to structure the resulting system complexity within the context of Singapore.FindingsEx post and ex ante model estimations find that the suburban retail real estate sector is on the whole more susceptible to gross domestic product (GDP) growth policy that affects both GDP expansion and retail rents in actual and expectation terms as well as returns.Research limitations/implicationsThe DCGE model ex ante estimations for the planned scenarios, under low or high GDP growth for the prime and suburban retail real estate sectors, enhances understanding of structural factors and dynamic interaction in the maturation phase of the prime retail real estate sector in Singapore.Practical implicationsIn comparison, Singapore's suburban retail real estate sector is found to be in a developing phase.Originality/valueThere is limited local research on the underlying relationship between the economy and the retail real estate sector, although Singapore's retail sector and retail real estate sector form an integral part of sustainable economic expansion.

Pak-America has interested in democratic Afghanistan. The global community has focused on reconstruction and reformation of national institutions for formulation of institutional policies. The democratic model of governance deals democratic institutional development. The global community facilitated security issues in the Afghan for presidential elections 2014. American and NATO forces decided to evacuate Afghanistan after transfer of power post-election 2014. The purpose of paper is definitive objectives of democratization in Afghanistan. Pakistan suffered socially, economic and politically especially in tribal areas as a neighbouring country. Afghanistan based terrorist organization attacked twin towers of U.S.A. The implication of study will support for guidance at the issue of terrorism which has intense effect on civilized world. The descriptive analysis used as tools of research for accomplishment of paper. The findings become helpful in developing awareness in masses for democratization in Afghanistan. The vibrant role of media strengthened democratic institutions which lessened extremism in region. The paper will explain historical context and different political and democratic transformation eras in Afghanistan.

The shared and common interweaved concept of public participation for democratization needed accentuate relationship between public and decision makers in democratic institutions. The complex and interwoven issues required more informed citizen. Then it got weighed with debate and discussion for potential decisions. The purpose of the study is to enhance the rate of mobilization high and equality of participation for political development. It also differentiated between modernization and political development. Fast escalations in mobilization and participation, the primary political aspects of modernization, undermine political institutions. The literature that provide is deliberative method for developing principles for public participation. It is art of making people civilized and becoming associated together. It improves the ration and quality of participation in democratization. It is a potential problem to discuss about voting and non-voting. The voting behavior depends upon the techniques of election campaign of political parties. The relation of democracy is linked with political culture has been emphasized. Many authors ponders that democracy rests on a civic culture. The western social scientists as Huntington and Fukuyama connected the religious culture to democratic progression. It is productive for perfection of organization which fortifies democratic institutions for democratization. Public participation decisions are popular decisions. The paper will focus for political development emphasizes on social mobilization and political participation that cause for growth of institutions. That leads to political development of political system of Pakistan.

Women are awarded minimized role in politics. Political activities are considered the special domain for men. Women are stressed that home is predominant place. The major role related for women is reproduction of human race. The objectives of the study are to discuss concept of political participation and its objectives for women participation in politics. The central aim is to examine the empowerment of women particularly of Afghanistan. The paper focuses on present contribution of afghan women in presidential election of Afghanistan in 2014. The process includes the voice of Afghan women for successful outcome in election 2014. The empirical and analytical analyses have been adapted to forecasting the present status of afghan women by empowering their right not only by casting a vote rather by full political participation. The under discussion issue is voter turn-out after huge participation of women in presidential election. The study will analyse structural causes and customs which limit women opting to pursue elected offices and member of loyia Jirga. The future prospects for Afghan women participation in politics.

Electoral politics effects democracy and political system. Elections are essential component of modern democracy.The authoritarian pattern of government is harmful for institutional development process. The constitutional and institutional developmental process is weak in Pakistan. The federal system government is not work in Pakistan in true sense. These issues weakened political system of Pakistan. The institutions may get proper development to strengthen democratic system. The political structures and governing experience is not matched to democratic world. The power politics contributed to inability of parliamentary democracy to govern new country effectively. Democracy remained poor in Pakistan. Military rulersgoverned in Pakistan more than half of time. The assumption is that democracy is controlled by the electoral process. The paper covers electoral politics of Pakistan from 1947 to 1985.