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Turkey is a country with relatively recent and ongoing experience of labour emigration. Starting with the signing of the bilateral Turkish-West German labour recruitment agreement in October 1961, it has been a country of emigration, a trend that significantly influenced part of its economic, social, and political history. This essay elaborates the last fifty-year history of labour emigration from Turkey, and its consequences for the country in the economic, social and political spheres. It aims to sketch briefly the trends and patterns of emigration flows with reference mainly to the changing nature of these flows over time. More specifically, the essay offers an overview of the main impacts of labour migration for the country. It concludes that neither the positive nor the negative consequences of emigratory flows for the country should be overestimated. Adapted from the source document.

Civil society organisations in Turkey have remained highly visible in the country's relations with the European Union (EU). Given the particular incentives that the EU offered for the empowerment of civil society actors during the pre-accession process, it has often been assumed that the EU context played an important role in this vibrant situation. However, this article argues that the EU's impact was highly ambivalent, and the contribution of civil society organisations to the EU membership process was frequently indecisive. It concludes that this ambivalent climate is mostly due to various aspects of the ill-functioning mechanisms of the EU's enlargement regime, on one hand, and particular problems inherited from the state-society relations and socio-political culture in Turkey that are associated with the civil society arena in the country. Adapted from the source document.

Because of the irregular migration flows and use of irregular labour in their economies, most Mediterranean countries of southern Europe face administrative battles over the issue of so-called migration management. The main aim of this article is to elaborate how several countries of the northern Mediterranean Basin have experienced irregular migration flows in the past decade. Particular attention is devoted to the process in which, when economies are in need of labour, international labour flows might be inevitable even if the related rhetoric and policies towards immigration are unsympathetic. This is debated here over the triad of economy, mobility and 'illegality'. Adapted from the source document.

Sema Erder Istanbul'a Bir Kent Kondu, Ümraniye [A City Disembarked to Istanbul, Ümraniye].Yildiz Sey (ed.) 75 Yilda Degisen Kent ve Mimarlik [Changing city and architecture in 75 years].Caglar Keyder (ed.) Istanbul, between the global and the localSibel Bozdogan Modernism and nation building: Turkish architectural culture in the early RepublicOguz Isik and Melih Pinarcioglu Nöbetlese yoksulluk, gecekondulasma ve kent yoksullari: Sultanbeyli örnegi [Poverty in turn: squatter housing and urban poor: the example of Sultanbeyli]Ayse Bugra and Caglar Keyder New poverty and the changing welfare regime of Turkey

A keen analysis of the social, political and economic determinants of Turkish politics with an exploration of the different dimensions of the republican model of Turkish citizenship, providing the reader with a comprehensive account of Turkish modernity and democracy.At the beginning of a new millennium, Turkey finds itself at a critical juncture in its democratic evolution. This momentous event has been precipitated by its desire to enter into the European Union and the recent financial crisis it has faced, both of which have fuelled the need for the creation of a strong, democratic

In der Türkei leben rund 160000 EU-Bürger, von denen rund die Hälfte aus Deutschland stammt. Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick über die unterschiedlichen Gruppen von EU-Bürgern in der Türkei und den wichtigsten Migrationsmotivationen widmen sich die Verfasser schwerpunktmäßig der rechtlichen Situation dieser Migranten. Neben der türkischen Ausländergesetzgebung wird die rechtliche Situation der EU-Bürger in der Türkei auch vor dem Hintergrund der EU-Bestimmungen, der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Partizipationsmöglichkeiten und der Einbürgerungsmöglichkeiten behandelt. (ICE2)