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"This book explores the links currently existing between town planning processes and the provision of both lifelong learning and livelihoods. It also examines the appropriateness of current cities vis-à-vis the types of learning required for living during the twenty-first century and the nature of livelihoods that city dwellers would be sourcing in the twenty-first century"--

Mass shootings and school violence have significantly increased in the last decade. As a result, the critical importance of school nurses as part of a school team in identifying risk factors to mitigate violence among students has been amplified. Promptly identifying risk factors can prevent violence-related traumas, including mass shootings, a frequent public health issue in the United States. Unfortunately, little emphasis has been placed on defining the pivotal role of school nurses in identifying risk factors and mitigating school shootings. Ensuring that school nurses are well prepared and confident in their self-efficacy to identify violence in students and address this public health issue will undoubtedly save lives and inform nursing education and practice. There has been no comprehensive list of training/ documents supporting a school nurse in preventing and mitigating violence at school. As a result, a comprehensive list of training/documents supporting nurses is provided.

The retreat of urban populations as an adaptation strategy has the potential to protect people, businesses, and infrastructure from the severe impacts of climate change. However, it can also lead to the unjust dislocation of the urban poor whose contributions to climate change are negligible but whose exposure to climatic risk is high. These groups of people also have little say in the decision-making about whether to retreat, when and how, thus raising concerns about equity and justice. In this paper, I examine the policy and practice of managed retreat and its environmental justice dimensions in Manila (Philippines) and Lagos (Nigeria) from 2010 to 2018. Expert interviews, focus group discussions, and policy documents were collected and analyzed for both cities. Findings reveal a complex picture of contradictions. In Lagos, retreat was stated in climate change policy but in practice only the urban poor were forcibly removed from waterfront areas and in their place new urban development projects are being constructed. In Manila, retreat was not mentioned in policy but evidence indicates informal settlers and national government offices were the target of planned retreat. Unlike Lagos, the urban poor in Manila were offered a mortgaged pathway to homeownership outside the city. However, the lack of livelihood opportunities in relocation sites engendered a cycle of retreat and return. This study further discusses how climatic uncertainties, property values, government distrust, utopian imaginaries, and environmental injustices served as barriers to managed retreat in both cities. The paper concludes with a call for an environmentally and socially just approach to retreat. It argues that the rights of the urban poor to the city must be taken into consideration even under complex climatic and socio-ecological disruptions.

This study examined the phenomenon known as road side vending within the spatial arena of Gaborone city of Botswana. In clarifying the concepts employed in the study, a difference was made among the terminologies "street vendors" (mobile vendors moving all over within and about the streets), "hawkers" (mobile vendors moving both within and beyond the streets), and "road side vendors" (immobile vendors using road sidewalks and road/street corners for economic activities). The study employed a 15-item inventoryon the one hand, to elicit the factors that accounted for the recent phenomenal surge in road side vending in Gaborone and on the other hand, to highlight the expectations of the actors of this sector of the economy. The findings revealed that between 2012 and 2014, road side vending grew by 50% in Gaborone and 74% of Gaborone road side vendors were aged between 38-54 years, suggesting that this market is currently run by mature adults. The findings equally revealed that the growth of road side vending in Gaborone coincided with an era when unemployment began to be discussed within government circles, the press and in the streets of Botswana. This finding is supported by the literature which states that in general, the informal sector of the economy of less developed countries tend to grow under the impulse of unemployment and increasing poverty rate. The study ended with one major recommendation that called on the Gaborone City Council to use the instrumentality of learning to bring about the change it desires for Gaborone without excluding road side vendors from its Gaborone developmental blueprint.

The phenomenal rise in violent conflicts in Africa since the end of the Cold War has been an obstacle to peace and sustainable development. This paper observed that in spite of the proportionately high rate of resources expended on defence, internal strife and ethno-religious conflicts constitute features of most states in contemporary Africa. Much of the success of resolving and managing conflicts in Africa has been due in large part to the involvement of the international community. Through a variety of measures, from mediation,through sanctions to military interventions, many states in Africa have taken measures to bring an end to violence. Although this progress is laudable, the reality is that communal conflicts continue to ravage the continent. Despite the concerns surrounding international involvement in peace processes, this paper posits that the community of nations remains a necessary actor in managing conflicts and sustaining peace. Every African community has its own cultural strategies, institutions and values for monitoring, preventing, managing and resolving conflicts. The paper concludes that a homegrown peace approach within the context of communal ethics and traditional mechanisms should be incorporated in the methods of resolving conflicts and sustaining peace in contemporary Africa.