Suchergebnisse

Migration is an old issue in development, a manifestation of people's mobility as a response to socio-economic and physical changes around them, with the ultimate objective of enhancing the migrants' quality of life. However, this phenomenon is worth examining especially in this age of globalisation which encourages and accentuates human mobility for several reasons. The impact and implication of migration demand a multi-dimensional approach analysis and comprehension. This paper has three objectives. First, it highlights the in􀏔lux of foreign workers to Sabah, East Malaysia which is discussed within the historical context of why this phenomenon is a never-ending issue. Second, this paper focuses on security issues and gender in relation to the presence of increasing number of immigrants, and in particular, how these issues affect female immigrants.Third, this paper discusses survival issues among women immigrants working in various sectors in urban centers — how they culturally adapt, live, sustain and face security aspects in the country of destination.For decades, even before the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu had been the 'economic magnet' to foreign immigrants, in particular from the Philippines and Indonesia. Security is one of the compelling issues, notably, how the presence of immigrants have an impact on the city's public and human security. The increasing apprehension and discrimination towards foreign immigrants requires the need to understand security at the state/national level, the community level and the individual level. This paper seeks to understand how factors such as the process of adaptation, cultural resilience and local resentment affect women immigrants. This paper also illustrates how the state government, in dealing with security issues, intervened stringently in countering immigrant-related problems in order to make Kota Kinabalu a safe city.

Background and Purpose: In the modern globalisation epoch, security threats no longer concern the state's hostilities, military operation, or nuclear proliferation. It involves non-traditional menaces like human trafficking, which is believed to escalate quickly. The goal of this research is to identify human trafficking activities and to reveal the experiences of victims in the Southeast Asia region, particularly in Malaysia. Methodology: This study used a qualitative method through a case study approach. It involved an in-depth interview session with five primary informants (represented as Cases 1 to 5) who were the victims of human trafficking from Bangladesh, a government officer from related agency, two local academicians and a representative of Bangladesh foreign workers' vending system company. Findings: The study discovered that human trafficking crimes produce detrimental effects on the survival of the victims, especially on the economic and individual security aspect. Their wages are not fully paid and their freedom to socialize is restricted. Contribution: This study calls for policy formulation and policy implementation to protect the interest and security of people despite their citizenship which is considered the most trustworthy, relevant and universal approach in rectifying these illegal activities within Southeast Asia region especially in Malaysia. Keywords: Bangladesh, labour migration, human security, human trafficking. Cite as: Dolhan, N., Othman, Z., & Idris, N. A. (2021). Human trafficking and human security in Southeast Asia: A case study of Bangladeshi foreign workers in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp136-155

Abstract : Myanmar (Burma) as a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) became the centre of regional attention when the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) imposed economic sanctions on the country. Myanmar's membership is said to be hampering image and credibility of ASEAN. In addition, the Rohingya's human rights issue has also affected Myanmar's relations with regional Islamic states. However, ASEAN accepts Myanmar's membership hoping its political system will be more social oriented and more democratic. In this light, this article poses a question. Has ASEAN's constructive approach successfully democratized Myanmar? ASEAN utilizes the constructive approach towards Myanmar rather than isolating it in order to pave way for Myanmar's democratization. This study employs library research and secondary data from other sources. The literature review shows that even though Myanmar's political system is yet to be fully democratized, ASEAN's constructive approach has indeed brought Myanmar closer to be more democratic compared to its more socialist system earlier on. The election and the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, the chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and main opposition leader in Myanmar in 2010, are the indicators of this progress. It is with the hope that this literature review will contribute to the accumulation of knowledge in the field of democracy research, democratization, and the role of ASEAN in the discipline of International Relations. Key words : ASEAN, democracy, Myanmar, constructive approach, SPDCAbstrak : Keahlian Myanmar (Burma) dalam Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara (ASEAN) pada tahun 1997 menjadi isu dalam hubungan serantau kerana Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Eropah telah mengenakan sekatan ekonomi terhadapnya. Hal ini kerana, keahliannya menjejaskan kredibiliti dan imej ASEAN. Malah isu diskriminasi hak asasi kaum Rohingya di Myanmar turut memberi kesan terhadap hubungan antara Myanmar dengan negara Islam serantau. Namun, ASEAN menerima keahlian Myanmar dengan tujuan ianya akan dapat mensosialisasikan sistem politik negara tersebut ke arah yang lebih demokratik. Persoalannya, sejauh manakah pendekatan konstruktif ASEAN berjaya dalam usahanya menjadikan Myanmar sebuah negara demokrasi. ASEAN menggunapakai pendekatan konstruktif berhubung dengan kes Myanmar daripada meminggirkannya, kerana dengan ini memberi ruang pada Myanmar untuk lebih dekat dengan 'demokrasi'. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan kaedah kajian kepustakaan dan bersumberkan data sekunder. Sorotan kajian menunjukkan walaupun Myanmar masih belum menjadi negara yang mengamalkan sistem politik demokrasi, namun pendekatan konstruktif yang diambil oleh ASEAN berjaya membawa negara tersebut ke arah yang lebih 'demokratik' berbanding sebelumnya yang bersifat sosialis. Pilihan Raya Kecil dan pembebasan Aung San Suu Kyi, Pengerusi Parti Liga Demokratik Kebangsaan (NLD) iaitu parti demokratik paling dominan di Myanmar pada tahun 2010, menunjukkan perubahan tersebut. Adalah diharapkan sorotan kajian ini dapat menyumbang ke arah pengumpulan khazanah ilmu terutamanya dalam bidang kajian demokrasi dan pendemokrasian serta kajian ASEAN dalam disiplin Hubungan Antarabangsa. Kata kunci : ASEAN, demokrasi, Myanmar, pendekatan konstruktif, SPDC

This article argues that the U.S.–Southeast Asia relations under Obama have been driven and limited by a "partially converged hedging" process between the two sides. On the one hand, the United States has sought to push back and hedge against the longer‐term risks of a rising challenger by mobilizing its alignment and diplomatic assets in Asia. The structural imperative, however, has been conditioned by a calculation of not wanting to be rigidly locked in any regional problems. On the other hand, the ASEAN states have correspondingly hedged against the uncertainty surrounding China's rise by leveraging on the United States' enhanced engagement. This driver, nonetheless, has also been conditioned by a fundamental concern of not wanting to confront the rising power in an outright manner. Unless China's actions have posed an immediate threat that leaves the states no choice but balancing, such a partially converged hedging process is likely to endure in the years to come.