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The paper discusses how Kenyan policies and organisations address gender equality in climate change-related responses. The political support for gender issues is reflected in presidential directives on various actions for achieving gender equality such as the establishment of gender desk officers and ensuring 30 per cent female representation in government. Despite the well-advanced gender mainstreaming policy in Kenya, few policies focus on climate change and even fewer on its inter-linkages with gender. At the field level, encrusted traditions, inadequately trained staff, limited financial resources, and limited awareness of the inter-linkages between gender and climate change remain major challenges to promoting gender equality in the work of government organisations. The paper thus proposes measures for addressing these challenges and strengthening gender equality in responses to climate change.

The paper discusses how Kenyan policies and organisations address gender equality in climate change-related responses. The political support for gender issues is reflected in presidential directives on various actions for achieving gender equality such as the establishment of gender desk officers and ensuring 30 per cent female representation in government. Despite the well-advanced gender mainstreaming policy in Kenya, few policies focus on climate change and even fewer on its inter-linkages with gender. At the field level, encrusted traditions, inadequately trained staff, limited financial resources, and limited awareness of the inter-linkages between gender and climate change remain major challenges to promoting gender equality in the work of government organisations. The paper thus proposes measures for addressing these challenges and strengthening gender equality in responses to climate change.

In this article, we discuss the potential of blockchain technology in addressing the documentation of users' land rights in the informal land rental market. Blockchain technology is a peer-to-peer protocol that can be leveraged to keep track of transactions over the internet. Publicised for its use in the bitcoin revolution, the technology provides transparency and traceability that can be used in the management of land rights. When it comes to the formalisation of land rights, blockchain technology promises to authenticate owners and other users of land, and provides a fixed ledger of land use rights transactions. At present, blockchain technology is being explored as a proof of concept in several countries to track land titles (state to individual). We extend the idea to capture the granting of land use rights (individual to individual) making use of the decentralisation, peer-to-peer nature of blockchain technology. While the technology is not a panacea to all land administration challenges, it can offer an effective means to manage land transactions, provide digital documentation to actors in the informal land rental market and reduce inefficiency in land systems. However, the uptake of the technology in land administration is limited by human related factors. These limitations include, but are not limited to, the accuracy of data being entered into the system, the ability of the system to facilitate data preservation, pre-existing institutional and legal pillars, and the digital divide across communities. Part of overcoming these barriers requires the political will of governments to invest in digital technologies and develop institutional capacities to overcome current limitations to bring land management into the industry 4.0 era.

Afrika ist in Bewegung! Afrikanische Staaten und Gesellschaften folgen unterschiedlichen Entwicklungspfaden. Für die einen ist Afrika der "Boom-Kontinent" der Gegenwart. Für die anderen ist er Heimat des größten Teils der sogenannten "bottom billion". In der A&S-Reihe "Afrikanische Entwicklungstrends" untersuchen afrikanische und europäische Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in regelmäßigen Abständen politische und wirtschaftliche Dynamiken in Afrika. Sie ziehen Bilanz und identifizieren zukünftige Herausforderungen für den Kontinent. Diese Stellungnahme analysiert am Beispiel Nigerias nationale Multi-Stakeholder-Prozesse im Zusammenhang mit dem Klimawandel. Sie zieht Rückschlüsse, wie trotz konkurrierender Vorschläge für institutionelle Arrangements im klimapolitischen Prozess Fortschritte bei Klimawandel-Governance und institutionellen Veränderungen möglich sind. Am Beispiel Nigerias wird deutlich, wie kompliziert das Zusammenspiel mehrerer Akteure in einem Erdöl exportierenden Entwicklungsland ist, das selbst Treibhausgase ausstößt und zugleich durch den Klimawandel stark gefährdet ist. Für Nigeria ist Klimapolitik ein echtes Novum: Selten hat eine so große Gruppe von Akteuren aus allen wichtigen Bereichen der Gesellschaft gemeinsam eine derart umfassende Politik erarbeitet. Zu den Akteuren zählen das Umweltministerium, das Parlament und Bundespräsidialamt die Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, der Privatsektor, zivilgesellschaftliche Netzwerke, Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGO), Geber und internationale Organisationen. Derzeit ist das nigerianische Umweltministerium (FMEnv) für Nigerias nationale und internationale Maßnahmen gegen den Klimawandel zuständig. Es herrscht jedoch Einigkeit darüber, dass die Steuerung von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen in Nigeria verbessert werden muss. Der politische Prozess, an dem verschiedene Akteure mit diesem Ziel beteiligt sind, hat zwei Konkurrenzvorschläge für neue institutionelle Arrangements hervorgebracht: Einrichtung (a) einer Nationalen Klimaschutzkommission, die direkt dem Bundespräsidialamt berichtet, und (b) einer entsprechenden Nationalen Agentur, die dem FMEnv angegliedert ist.Obgleich das Parlament den Gesetzentwurf über die Kommission gebilligt hatte, fehlte auch anderthalb Jahre später die Unterschrift des Präsidenten, und der Entwurf ging zurück an die Nationalversammlung – mit ungewissem Ausgang. Diese Uneinigkeit enthüllt Misstrauen und ein Ringen um politische Macht unter Akteuren, die das gleiche Ziel verfolgen: bessere Klima-Governance und die Stärkung interministerieller Koordination. Zwei Kernbotschaften lassen sich formulieren: Die vorgeschlagene Nationale Klimaschutzkommission würde wahrscheinlich die Abstimmung von Bundesministerien, Wirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft auf nationaler Ebene verbessern und die Einbindung der sechs geopolitischen Zonen Nigerias ermöglichen. Damit wäre die Kommission politisch einflussreicher als das FMEnv und würde folglich eher den Zweck erfüllen, die Klimawandel-Governance in Nigeria zu verbessern. Allerdings würde sie das FMEnv eines Großteils seiner Funktionen berauben. Daher wäre es ratsam, dem FMEnv im Rahmen der Kommissionsarbeit eine stärkere Position zu verleihen. So könnte sich die Kommission die in mehr als 20 Jahren vom FMEnv gesammelte institutionelle Erfahrung und Kompetenz zunutze machen. Die Verteilung der Rollen auf Kommission und FMEnv und eine genaue Definition ihrer jeweiligen Aufgaben wären damit eine entscheidende Ausgangsbasis für eine erfolgreiche Klimapolitik.

This policy brief analyses national-level multi-stakeholder processes relating to climate change, taking the case of Nigeria as its example, and draws some inferences on how to make progress in the areas of climate change governance and institutional change in the context of competing proposals for institutional arrangements in the climate policy process. Nigeria illustrates the complex case of multiple stakeholders in a developing and oil-exporting country that is both emitting greenhouse gases and highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The climate policy process in Nigeria is quite a novelty for the country: rarely has such a wide group of stakeholders from the key sectors of society together elaborated a wide-ranging policy. The actors include the Federal Ministry of Environment; the parliament and the Presidency; the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation; the private sector; civil society networks and nongovernmental organisations (NGOs); donors and international organisations. While Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) has hitherto been responsible for Nigeria's climate change responses at national and international level, there is a generally recognised need to improve the governance of climate change in Nigeria. Policy processes involving various stakeholders pursuing this common goal have resulted in two competing proposals for new institutional arrangements: the creation of (A) a National Climate Change Commission reporting directly to the presidency and (B) a National Agency directly affiliated to the FMEnv. Although the parliament adopted the Commission Bill, the Nigerian President had still to sign it one and a half years later, and it was sent back to the National Assembly. The outcomes thus remain uncertain. This disagreement reveals a lack of trust and a struggle for political influence among stakeholders who were apparently working towards the same goal of improving climate governance and strengthening inter-ministerial coordination. Two key messages can be highlighted: The proposed institutional arrangement involving the creation of a National Climate Change Commission could be expected to improve coordination at national level between the federal ministries, business and civil society and to ensure linkages with the six geo-political zones of Nigeria, and the Commission would therefore wield more political influence than the FMEnv. Consequently, it seems that the Commission would serve the useful purpose of improving the governance of climate change in Nigeria. However, it would strip the FMEnv of most of its powers. It would therefore be advisable to give the FMEnv a more prominent role in the Commission'sactivities. The latter could then tap into the institutional memories and competences accumulated by the FMEnv over 20 years. A division of roles between the Commission and the FMEnv and an accurate definition of their respective responsibilities would thus be a critical target baseline.

This paper discusses the structural basis and practice of creating a climate policy framework in Nigeria. The roles of existing and planned institutions and legal frameworks are discussed, as well as how they foster or hinder the design of policies and implementation of climate responses at the domestic and international levels. Data has been collected between autumn 2009 and spring 2010. The paper combines literature review with empirical data from interviews of various actors in the Nigerian climate policy process. Various actors including the federal and state governments, civil society and private sector interest groups as well as the Nigerian oil sector are working conjointly on the elaboration of political frameworks and on the realisation of a multitude of individual projects focused on climate change. The paper examines the role of the institutional framework compassing this multitude of stakeholders for the creation of a sustainable climate policy in Nigeria, thereby discussing and referring to literature on institutional governance in the environment sector and institutional change for sustainability. Currently, there is a lack of cohesion between political initiatives and institutions, and a weak implementation of environmental laws and directives. Although becoming a topic of increasing political interest, a policy framework on climate change is still nonexistent for Nigeria – caused not least by diverging lines of interest between participating institutions. The paper shows that once awareness about climate change has been created, there is a danger of the proliferation of institutions and actors addressing the various dimensions of climate change. This proliferation highlights the lack of coordination between various government entities and their struggle to gain/retain influence over the national climate policy, thereby slowing down the design and implementation of responses to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Suggestions are made on how the barriers to climate policy development and ...