Suchergebnisse

The economic assessment of damage to movable and immovable objects considered part of archaeological heritage is a matter of increasing interest, both at the legal level and in terms of government management. The primary reason for this interest is the urgent need to agree on a sound and reliable approach to economically quantifying not so much the cultural value of the damage caused as the civil liability for having caused it in those cases in which it was produced by a harmful human act. Assessment methods require a broad consensus to be considered reliable. The lack of consideration given to this matter has only made the absence of such a consensus more acute. This paper offers a mainly Spanish case-based analysis of the most common valuation methods for both movable and immovable archaeological objects. With regard to movable objects, it examines the problems involved in both the exclusive use of an object&rsquo ; s market price as its cultural value and the lack of justification for the chosen valuation system, concluding that current methods are insufficient. This insufficiency, also perceived by the authors of the expert reports used in the analyzed proceedings, has been dealt with arbitrarily. With regard to immovable object, it concludes that the systems currently used to assess the damage to sites are likewise insufficient, despite having been legally acknowledged in some cases. This paper will thus examine the methods used in environmental assessments&mdash ; whose parallels with archaeological heritage are clear&mdash ; and proposes that they be adapted for this purpose.

In 2006, news broke of the discovery of ostraca bearing text in Latin and Basque, as well as Christian drawings, during the 2005 and 2006 excavation campaigns at the Iruña-Veleia site in Álava, Spain. In 2008, these pieces were shown to be fakes. The 'Iruña-Veleia case', as it has come to be known, has been the subject of several partial studies, primarily focused on the forgeries. This paper will analyse it from a contextual perspective. To this end, it first defines the general pattern, or 'syntax', followed by historical forgeries. It then applies this syntax to the Iruña-Veleia case, reviewing how it unfolded in the academic, political, institutional and social spheres. In each one, the syntax showed certain oddities, mainly due to the social context in which the events took place and their link to nationalist identity, a subject related to the content of the forged specimens. Despite this link, however, in this case it cannot be concluded that nationalism was the driving force behind the forgery. ; En 2006 se dio a conocer el hallazgo de unos ostraca grafiteados con palabras en latín, euskera y dibujos de temática cristiana en las excavaciones realizadas en el yacimiento de Iruña-Veleia (Álava, España) en 2005 y 2006. Posteriormente en 2008 se demostró que tales piezas eran falsificaciones. Este caso, conocido como "caso Iruña-Veleia", ha sido objeto de algunos estudios parciales, centrados sobre todo en las falsificaciones. Sin embargo, este trabajo analiza este caso desde una perspectiva contextual. Para ello se ha definido previamente el patrón habitual de las falsificaciones históricas, al que se ha denominado "sintaxis". Posteriormente se ha aplicado al caso Iruña-Veleia y se ha observado su evolución en los ámbitos académico, político e institucional y social. En cada uno de ellos esta sintaxis presenta ciertas peculiaridades debido sobre todo al marco social en el que se ha desenvuelto y su vinculación con la identidad nacionalista, tema relacionado con el contenido de las falsificaciones. Sin embargo, no puede concluirse que en este caso la vinculación nacionalista haya sido el motor de la falsificación.

This paper argues that the connection between political liberalism, lack of professionalism of Archaeology and collecting antiques during the second half of the nineteenth century in Spain, favored the underdevelopment of the expansion of the powers of the State in regulating the archaeological heritage in order to safeguard the right to private property. This questioning of the duty of the State to intervene on a private property in the public interest has been used by those who plunder the archaeological heritage, or benefit from it, since then. ; Este trabajo defiende que la conexión existente entre el liberalismo político, la falta de profesionalización de la Arqueología y el coleccionismo de antigüedades durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en España, favoreció el subdesarrollo de la expansión de las potestades del Estado en la regulación del patrimonio arqueológico con el fin de salvaguardar el derecho a la propiedad privada. Este cuestionamiento del deber del Estado a intervenir sobre unos bienes de interés público ha sido, desde entonces, un argumento usado de forma habitual por quienes expolian el patrimonio arqueológico o se benefician de él.

Abstract:During the seventies, archaeological looting, of both land and underwater sites, not only was widespread in Spain, but also went unpunished. This situation stemmed from a lack of effective administrative and criminal legislation, human resources to combat the plague, and educational policies warning of how harmful such practices were, in spite of damning reports in the media and the social alarm raised in certain professional and political fields. The new political and social phase that began with the Constitution of 1978 has enabled the country to overcome this situation in three ways: first, by passing new, more appropriate administrative and criminal laws to help combat looting and illicit trade; second, through the creation of new regional governments (the autonomous communities) able to enforce these laws, and which have hired archaeologists specializing in cultural heritage management. The fight against the criminal aspect of looting and the illicit trade of antiquities has also been intensified by the creation of police and prosecuting bodies dedicated to the area of cultural heritage, among others. Last, educational policies have been put in place to help increase social awareness of the importance of our cultural heritage and the global loss its destruction represents. In this article we will present the first two points that have improved the initial situation as regards archaeological looting and the illicit trade of looted goods.

In this article we will study the expansion of the olive grove in andalusia throughout the modern period, putting it in relation to political, social and economic circumstances. olive oil was a product dedicated to trade, mainly in the outside and linked to the wool market, and therefore its demand depended on the development of national and foreign draperies, and the circumstances of foreign policy. The sectors involved in the trade will be responsible for financing most of this expansion, the formation of larger units of exploitation, and the building of mills and constructions which often become interesting buildings. ; Es obligado comenzar esta introducción al monográfico de este número de la revista Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada dedicado al expolio arqueológico con una referencia a la actualidad inmediata, aun a riesgo de trastocar una ordenación más lógica de esta exposición. En Siria, la guerra civil que asola el país desde 2011, y que está afectando al patrimonio cultural desde las primeras cruentas represiones del gobierno de Bachar el Asad (http://apsa2011.com), nos ha entregado las dolorosas imágenes del asesinato de Jaled Assad, quien fuese jefe de las Antigüedades de Palmira, y más tarde la voladura del templo de Baal y de un arco del triunfo en esa misma ciudad. Acciones perpetradas por el grupo insurgente denominado Estado Islámico, cuyo control sobre ese enclave declarado en 1980 como patrimonio de la humanidad hace presagiar que estas no sean las únicas nuevas a lamentar cuando este volumen vea la luz.

This article analyses the evolution of archaeologi-cal excavations in Andalusia since the transfer of responsibilities for Archaeological Heritage management from central Government to the Junta de Andalusia. Special attention is paid to the negative effects of the division between research and salvage archaeology, and to how interest in developing the former has hindered the conceptual development of the latter, thus risking its being considered a mere administrative act, with no scientific projection. ; Este trabajo analiza la evolución de las excavaciones arqueológicas en Andalucía desde la transferencia de competencias del Gobierno del Estado a la Junta de Andalucía. Se presta especial atención a los efectos negativos de la división entre una arqueología de investigación y otra de salvamento; y a cómo el interés en favorecer la primera ha entorpecido el desarrollo conceptual de la segunda, corriendo el riesgo de ser considerada como un mero acto administrativo carente de proyección científica.

For most of its history, archaeology has too often taken an indulgent attitude toward looting and antiquities trafficking. The primary response to these dangers has been to publish the main findings made outside of academia. As a result of this approach and the prominent role played by police techniques in investigating such crimes, investigations are primarily based on documentary research. This approach makes it harder to determine such essential factors in this field as an object&rsquo ; s collecting history or discovery date. This paper proposes new ways of studying collecting history, drawing on research projects on the use of archaeometry to shed light on cases of looting or trafficking involving police, court, or government intervention ; hence, its qualification as &ldquo ; forensic&rdquo ; . Although the current state of knowledge does not enable the presentation of novel research, we believe that researchers and interested institutions should be made aware of the advisability of using archaeometry more directly in the fight against these scourges.