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The central and state governments of India have been pursuing several reforms in the higher education sector. In engineering education, the government has already embarked on several reforms within the current legislative framework. Given this dynamic momentum, the engineering education sector in India is expected to receive a significant boost over the next few years. It is therefore timely to take stock and review the position of the sector internationally. This study thus aims to provide the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), and relevant stakeholders with key facts, reliable data, and the results of relevant international comparisons to establish a common ground and to help in measuring the performance of the current engineering education system in India. The government also recognizes the importance of lessons that may be learned from the other Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, and China (BRIC) countries, and these countries were therefore selected for the comparison. This report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction; section two briefly discusses the background of both general higher education and engineering education in India. Section three reviews earlier comparative studies on international engineering education. Section four describes the scope of the study. Section five explains the methodology of data collection and identifies the data sources. Section six outlines the analysis of the collected data and the findings. Section seven presents conclusions. The appendixes describe the engineering education systems of the various countries examined in the study, the related challenges and opportunities, and the future policy goals in each country.

Although some progress has been made in the basic education sector in Pakistan, currently, less than 1 percent of the population aged 10 years and above is trained in occupational skills. This situation could be improved through an identification of employment opportunities, a provision of appropriate training, promotion of effective employment policy from the government, and a stronger linkage between those who are trained and a labor market. In order to identify what, when and where training and skills are needed and how skills are imparted, this paper analyses the results of the employer survey conducted in November 2009 towards 1,000 selected enterprises. The results of the survey will provide various benchmarks which can be used over time to: measure how Sindh Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (STEVTA) and Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program (BBSYDP) can improve existing program outcomes, and to monitor changes in labor market demand so that STEVTA and BBSYDP can shift resources appropriately. Authors conclude this paper with eight findings and recommendations: 1) rising demand for skills indicates the need for skills program, 2) need for training of specific skills such as on-the-job training and communication skills, 3) need for specific trainings for occupations demanded, 4) improved employment prospects, 5) trainees' need for direct contacts to firms and preparation for interviews, 6) need for an increase in visibility of BBSYDP, 7) need for a reform in public institutions, and 8) current focus of firm's internal trainings on educated and skilled employees.

Online outsourcing (OO) has become a promising alternative to traditional employment in today's digital era. It has transformed where, when, and how work is performed. For workers, this form of outsourcing has created new opportunities to access and compete in global job markets, from anywhere at any time, as long as they have computer and Internet access. This study focuses on OO's potential as a new and innovative channel for socioeconomic development for developing country governments and development practitioners, particularly in terms of youth employment, services exports, and participation in the digital economy. OO firms report that the private sector is currently driving most of the demand, but public sector demand for OO is a potential source of future growth. In order to understand the opportunity for developing countries, this study estimated the current size of the market and projected its growth, and profiled OO work through a combination of desk research and structured interviews with academics, online workers, firms, and industry analysts to better understand OO's potential impact on human capital and employment. The study also conducted focus group interviews with online workers in Kenya to gather additional insight into the socioeconomic impacts of OO, and carried out case studies in Kenya and Nigeria.