Suchergebnisse

Outsourcing Border Control -- Series Editors' Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Bordering Outside the State -- Bordering and the State -- Bordering Outside the State: What's Missing? -- A Political Sociology Investigation -- A Street-Level Implementation Perspective -- Private Contractors' Day-to-Day Making of Eu Visa Policy: An Original Case Study -- An Organizational and Political Ethnography -- Researching the Three Levels of EU Visa Policy Policy-Making -- Notes -- 2 Outsourcing in Practice -- Private Contractors in Borderlands: New Trades for Old Companies -- Imitation and Learning: The Diffusion of Outsourcing Visa Services -- Bordering at the Non-State Window -- Processing People into Recipients of Non-State Control -- Buffer Zones and Rituals of Entering -- The Skill of Private Contractors: Managing Tension -- Causes and Consequences of the Use of Frontline Policy Discretion -- Deflecting Responsibility by Organizational Means -- Two Novel Work Routines and their Exclusionary Effects -- Private Contractors' Bureaucratic Policy-Making: Invisible to Whom? -- Are Performance Incentive Mechanisms a Solution? -- Circumventing Outsourced Bordering: An Elite Practice -- Notes -- 3 The Politics of Public-Private Cooperation -- The Advantages of Excluding for the State -- New Public Management: A Legitimizing Frame for Official Discourses -- Redirecting the Economic and Non-Economic Burden of Implementing EU Visa Policy -- National Level: Reducing Costs of "Europeanized" Migration Control -- Local/Consular Level: Getting Rid of Responsibility and Avoiding Blame -- Governing Through the Distance: A New Art of Governing? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Index

This article shows how the organizational activities that filter people through borders are shaped by anticipation of migrants' agency. Through ethnographic research in the United Kingdom's two largest immigration detention centers, I analyze implementation practices carried out by frontline workers of the Home Office. I question the underexamined relationship between time and organizational action. I find that implementation practices are systematized, in part, by assessments of the future, and are aimed at anticipating and countering detainees' responses to the possibility of deportation, even before these responses surface. Detainees' responses can slow the ideal progression of the bureaucratic processes of detention and expulsion, even as speeding up those processes remains a crucial concern of the Home Office organization, largely because of a political fantasy of cost-effectiveness. I argue that more knowledge about these sorts of implementation dynamics allows for reappraisals of policies that remain salient, despite their failures and costs.

AbstractThis article takes an actor‐centered and bottom‐up perspective to analyze how private companies shape public responses to migration in Europe. It builds on ethnographic research with top managers and civil servants involved in visa policy, asylum reception, and immigration detention. Drawing on organizational theories about decisions and change, I analyze empirical evidence to put forward processes of international migration governance that take account of private and public actors, the implementation stage of policy‐making, the organizational and informal dynamics underpinning decisions and change within and across borders of polity, therefore adopting a transnational lens. I show three interrelated aspects: Personal contacts, informal interactions, and informal exchange that promote private companies' business while affecting change in the delivery of public policies; private companies' involvement in decision‐making and their engagement in solution‐driven processes of change; the diffusion of organizational responses to migration across national contexts, which contribute to transnational change.

AbstractBuilding on the case of visa procedures, this article analyses the relationship between border bureaucracies and intermediaries understood as actors, organisations and knowledge that facilitate, shape, and enable human mobility. I take the street-level view to shed light on the interplay of multiple dimensions and logics, which affects how people are mobile. I argue that the analytical lens of interdependency between dimensions and logics that characterize bureaucracies and intermediaries makes sense of migration infrastructuring processes at the street-level. The case of visa policies and practices, which are characterized by the twofold objective of stemming and spurring mobility, is particularly apt to put forward that intermediaries' socio-economic activities, which bridge borders, by facilitating, shaping, and sustaining mobility, respond not just to the policies and practices that build and reinforce borders but also to those soliciting certain kinds of mobility. The analysis builds on the comparison of ethnographic literature to put forward three empirical situations that exemplify the dynamics of interdependency: Local guides and experts who develop in response to the opacity of bureaucratic procedures and to the distance between visa applicants and state actors; The providers of pieces of documentation, whether counterfeit or 'real-but-fake', who respond to the impossibility of complying with bureaucratic requirements and to restrictive border regimes; Authorized administrative agencies, tour operators, travel agencies, and agencies that facilitate the supplying of specific kinds of workforce, who respond to the objective of soliciting the mobility of tourists, businessmen and workers. The street-level view of migration infrastructuring processes connects the micro-perspective of the trajectory of individuals to macro structures such as policies and drivers of international mobility. The investigation of the effectiveness of these actors and activities in obtaining visas, on which further research could systematically focus, shows that they might produce immobility as well. In a nutshell, (im)mobility also results from the interplay between border bureaucracies and mobility intermediaries.

Tout en restant une activité emblématique de l'exercice de la souveraineté, le contrôle des frontières se réalise de plus en plus avec l'appui de compagnies privées. À partir d'une enquête essentiellement ethnographique, cette contribution offre une lecture sociologique du processus qui a conduit à l'adoption de la coopération public-privé afin de mettre en œuvre la politique du visa Schengen dans les consulats. L'article montre quelles sont les configurations d'acteurs privés et publics à l'origine de la délégation de « tâches administratives » à des entreprises privées. En suivant la fabrication de cette politique, des enceintes européennes jusqu'aux ministères nationaux et les organisations privées et publiques qui la traduisent en pratiques, cet article met en exergue le décalage entre le cadrage qui entend la coopération comme stratégie d'amélioration du service public et les logiques étatiques de ce choix. Dans un contexte de réforme des règles européennes, les États signataires de l'accord de Schengen ont utilisé la coopération avec des compagnies privées pour d'autres objectifs : réduire les coûts du contrôle européanisé, se défaire du fardeau de la mise en œuvre, dégager la responsabilité des gouvernants.

This contribution aims to analyze the European migration policy from an unusual point of view: interviews and accounts about Schengen visas' allocation practices at the Italian Embassy in Rabat and at the Italian Consulate in Casablanca. Fieldwork has showed numbers of architectural and procedural blocking devices, of filtering devices (technologies and regulations) and processes of externalisation (outsourcing) to private agencies. Finally, I could stress avoidance mechanisms as consequences of those blocking and filtering devices: the emergence of formal and informal practices to bypass the border at the window. ; L'étude proposée vise à l'analyse de la politique migratoire européenne sous un angle d'approche inhabituel, à savoir l'examen des pratiques d'attribution des visas Schengen à l'Ambassade et au Consulat d'Italie à Rabat et à Casablanca à partir de récits et d'entretiens de demandeurs. La recherche de terrain a mis en exergue les dispositifs de blocages, physiques et procéduraux, de filtrages, technologiques et réglementaires, ainsi que les processus d'externalisation vers des agences privées. La présente contribution analyse alors les effets de ces blocages et filtrages, et notamment l'émergence de pratiques de contournement formelles et informelles de ceux-ci.

This contribution aims to analyze the European migration policy from an unusual point of view: interviews and accounts about Schengen visas' allocation practices at the Italian Embassy in Rabat and at the Italian Consulate in Casablanca. Fieldwork has showed numbers of architectural and procedural blocking devices, of filtering devices (technologies and regulations) and processes of externalisation (outsourcing) to private agencies. Finally, I could stress avoidance mechanisms as consequences of those blocking and filtering devices: the emergence of formal and informal practices to bypass the border at the window. ; L'étude proposée vise à l'analyse de la politique migratoire européenne sous un angle d'approche inhabituel, à savoir l'examen des pratiques d'attribution des visas Schengen à l'Ambassade et au Consulat d'Italie à Rabat et à Casablanca à partir de récits et d'entretiens de demandeurs. La recherche de terrain a mis en exergue les dispositifs de blocages, physiques et procéduraux, de filtrages, technologiques et réglementaires, ainsi que les processus d'externalisation vers des agences privées. La présente contribution analyse alors les effets de ces blocages et filtrages, et notamment l'émergence de pratiques de contournement formelles et informelles de ceux-ci.

This book offers a comprehensive exploration on how different migration policies are implemented day by day. Such an approach allows to show the different ways in which migration policies on the ground take a life of their own when compared to the letter of the law. The book shows the need to understand the specific logics and workings of the implementation of policies, while taking into account the continued role played by politicians and the judiciary. Qualitative research with different public institutions implementing migration policies are combined with an exploration of the role of NGOs, supranational institutions and the migrants themselves. Bringing together the results of several research projects with fieldwork in Belgium, the UK, France, Morocco and Malta, the book covers the different stages of the migratory career. It follows the potential trajectory of a migrant from visa obtention (both in general and for students specifically) to border controls, asylum (including resettlement and gender and sexuality-based asylum), access to residence (with a specific focus on marriage-based residence), healthcare and nationality, or to detention and managed return migration. Through its chapters it shows the day-to-day logics, routines and tactics that bureaucrats and other actors adopt, within the constrains of laws, social interactions, and ideas about migration and policies

Résumé Cet article analyse le processus d'attribution des visas Schengen et met en évidence la primauté d'un savoir pratique local sur les savoirs institués. Contrairement aux textes légaux identifiant « risque migratoire » et immigration irrégulière, l'analyse des pratiques locales des agents consulaires met en exergue une autre figure de risque à laquelle ils attribuent beaucoup plus d'attention, à savoir le risque d'établissement légal, avec l'usage des services sociaux qui s'ensuivrait, à partir de l'obtention d'un titre d'entrée sur le territoire européen.

Cet article analyse le processus d'attribution des visas Schengen et met en évidence la primauté d'un savoir pratique local sur les savoirs institués. Contrairement aux textes légaux identifiant « risque migratoire » et immigration irrégulière, l'analyse des pratiques locales des agents consulaires met en exergue une autre figure de risque à laquelle ils attribuent beaucoup plus d'attention, à savoir le risque d'établissement légal, avec l'usage des services sociaux qui s'ensuivrait, à partir de l'obtention d'un titre d'entrée sur le territoire européen. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The ambition of this special issue is to contribute to contemporary scholarly analyses of border security by bringing more focus onto a specific field of inquiry: the practices of the plurality of power-brokers involved in the securing of borders. Border security is addressed from the angle of the everyday practices of those who are appointed to carry it out; considering border security as practice is essential for shedding light on contemporary problematizations of security. Underscoring the methodological specificity of fieldwork research, we call for a better grounding of scholarship within the specific agencies intervening in bordering spaces in order to provide detailed analyses of the contextualized practices of security actors.