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2.1. Introduction: The Stratification of Atmosphere2.2. Scales of Atmospheric Pollution; 2.3. Ambient Air Pollution and Health Effects; 2.4. Indoor Air Pollution; 2.5. Noise; Chapter 3. Aquatic Environment; 3.1. Introduction: The Importance of Water; 3.2. The Distribution of Freshwater; 3.3. Conventional and Nonconventional Sources of Drinking Water; 3.4. Hydrological Cycle; 3.5. Water Stressors; 3.6. Climate Change and Freshwater Pressure; 3.7. Water Pollution; 3.8. International Water Policy and Legislation; 3.9. Wastewater as a Resource; 3.10. Wastewater Treatment Technologies.

Endorheic basins (i.e., land-locked drainage networks) and their lakes can be highly sensitive to variations in climate and adverse anthropogenic activities, such as overexploitation of water resources. In this review paper, we provide a brief overview of one major endorheic basin on each continent, plus a number of endorheic basins in Central Asia (CA), a region where a large proportion of the land area is within this type of basin. We summarize the effects of (changing) climate drivers and land surface-atmosphere feedbacks on the water balance. For the CA region we also discuss key anthropogenic activities, related water management approaches and their complex relationship with political and policy issues. In CA a substantial increase in irrigated agriculture coupled with negative climate change impacts have disrupted the fragile water balance for many endorheic basins and their lakes. Transboundary integrated land and water management approaches must be developed to facilitate adequate climate change adaptation and possible mitigation of the adverse anthropogenic influence on endorheic basins in CA. Suitable climate adaptation, mitigation and efficient natural resource management technologies and methods are available, and are developing fast. A number of these are discussed in the paper, but these technologies alone are not sufficient to address pressing water resource issues in CA. Food-water–energy nexus analyses demonstrate that transboundary endorheic basin management requires transformational changes with involvement of all key stakeholders. Regional programs, supported by local governments and international donors, that incorporate advanced adaptation technologies, water resource research and management capacity development, are essential for successful climate change adaptation efforts in CA. However, there is a need for an accelerated uptake of such programs, with an emphasis on unification of approaches, as the pressures resulting from climate change and aggravated by human mismanagement of natural ...

Endorheic basins (i.e., land-locked drainage networks) and their lakes can be highly sensitive to variations in climate and adverse anthropogenic activities, such as overexploitation of water resources. In this review paper, we provide a brief overview of one major endorheic basin on each continent, plus a number of endorheic basins in Central Asia (CA), a region where a large proportion of the land area is within this type of basin. We summarize the effects of (changing) climate drivers and land surface–atmosphere feedbacks on the water balance. For the CA region, we also discuss key anthropogenic activities, related water management approaches and their complex relationship with political and policy issues. In CA a substantial increase in irrigated agriculture coupled with negative climate change impacts have disrupted the fragile water balance for many endorheic basins and their lakes. Transboundary integrated land and water management approaches must be developed to facilitate adequate climate change adaptation and possible mitigation of the adverse anthropogenic influence on endorheic basins in CA. Suitable climate adaptation, mitigation and efficient natural resource management technologies and methods are available, and are developing fast. A number of these are discussed in the paper, but these technologies alone are not sufficient to address pressing water resource issues in CA. Food–water–energy nexus analyses demonstrate that transboundary endorheic basin management requires transformational changes with involvement of all key stakeholders. Regional programs, supported by local governments and international donors, which incorporate advanced adaptation technologies, water resource research and management capacity development, are essential for successful climate change adaptation efforts in CA. However, there is a need for an accelerated uptake of such programs, with an emphasis on unification of approaches, as the pressures resulting from climate change and aggravated by human mismanagement of natural water resources leave very little time for hesitation.

Endorheic basins (i.e., land-locked drainage networks) and their lakes can be highly sensitive to variations in climate and adverse anthropogenic activities, such as overexploitation of water resources. In this review paper, we provide a brief overview of one major endorheic basin on each continent, plus a number of endorheic basins in Central Asia (CA), a region where a large proportion of the land area is within this type of basin. We summarize the effects of (changing) climate drivers and land surface-atmosphere feedbacks on the water balance. For the CA region, we also discuss key anthropogenic activities, related water management approaches and their complex relationship with political and policy issues. In CA a substantial increase in irrigated agriculture coupled with negative climate change impacts have disrupted the fragile water balance for many endorheic basins and their lakes. Transboundary integrated land and water management approaches must be developed to facilitate adequate climate change adaptation and possible mitigation of the adverse anthropogenic influence on endorheic basins in CA. Suitable climate adaptation, mitigation and efficient natural resource management technologies and methods are available, and are developing fast. A number of these are discussed in the paper, but these technologies alone are not sufficient to address pressing water resource issues in CA. Food-water-energy nexus analyses demonstrate that transboundary endorheic basin management requires transformational changes with involvement of all key stakeholders. Regional programs, supported by local governments and international donors, which incorporate advanced adaptation technologies, water resource research and management capacity development, are essential for successful climate change adaptation efforts in CA. However, there is a need for an accelerated uptake of such programs, with an emphasis on unification of approaches, as the pressures resulting from climate change and aggravated by human mismanagement of ...

Summarization: Olive oil industry grows constantly in specific parts of the world. About 750 million olive trees are cultivated and approximately 2.95 million tons of olive oil are produced annually. Most olive oil (98%) is produced in the Mediterranean region, mainly between October and February. Olive oil production results in an annual generation of more than 30 million m3 of olive mills wastes (OMW). Although several techniques have been developed and patented for OMW management, detoxification and valorization, their application is often too expensive for most olive-oil mills, in which the Mediterranean region are usually small family businesses. The uncontrolled disposal of OMW on soil may cause strong phytotoxic and antimicrobial effects, may increase soil hydrophobicity, decrease water retention and infiltration rate, may also affect acidity, salinity, N immobilization, microbial activity, nutrient leaching, lipids concentration, organic acids, and naturally occurred phenols. In surface waters it may decrease the dissolved oxygen content, increase the organic matter and K, Fe, Zn, and Mn contents. On the other hand, the remaining sludge, after evaporation of the liquid fraction of the wastes, contains almost 94% organic matter and although it could be highly beneficial to agricultural soil, it has been shown that it also contains toxic compounds and oil that may increase soil hydrophobicity and decrease water retention and infiltration rate if applied to soil. This chapter introduces the current advisable practices for the sustainable development of olive oil industry as well as two soil remediation methods, applied in the framework of the LIFE project PROSODOL (LIFE07 ENV/GR/280), at a pilot OMW disposal area in Greece, that is, bioremediation and zeolite incorporation in soil. In the framework of PROSODOL project specific actions, measures, and means suitable for Mediterranean countries were proposed to the European Commission and are presented in this chapter. ; Appearing in: Olive Mill Waste: Recent ...