Suchergebnisse

The article considers analytical dimensions of traditional and inclusive economic growth, development and functioning of institutions in the process of actualization of value shift in society and change of economic transformations goal from economic growth as such to qualitative changes in the structure of a new spectrum of economic processes that play decisive and nowadays even vital role. Ukraine's place in this coordinate system was determined, and high untapped potential for inclusive development of the country was revealed. It is quite possible to restructure Ukraine's economic and social processes, even at the current level of GDP, in such a way as to ensure significantly higher rates of structural changes promoting inclusiveness. The means of preserving the predominantly extractive structure of the economy are outlined. It is substantiated that the problem of inequality is becoming more and more acute and is growing from economic (in terms of income and wealth) issue into a matter of education, health care, etc. However, a simple increase in the average level of GDP per capita will not automatically solve the issues, because these are structural problems that need coverage and attention from a completely different angle. The priority of implementation the structural reforms to increase the level of inclusiveness of institutions in key areas in the long term is argued. The greatest potential for the formation of inclusive society as a basis for ensuring a new quality of economic growth in Ukraine is contained in the Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 5, the combination of which creates a synergistic effect. In order to increase the level of inclusiveness of institutions, certain changes in the legislation are needed regarding anti-corruption institutions, the Tax Code of Ukraine, gender issues, approaches to rent distribution, oligarchic corporations, Big Tech activities in the country and many other issues. However, the main problem in Ukraine is not so much the laws as their implementation, because the rules should work, not the recommendations.

The preconditions and character of the "new normality" in the development of modern society are considered, the main features of which are the rapidity of change and the expansion of conflict, which incessantly dismantles barriers to the so-called "creative disorder." As a result, public life is chaotic with a still unclear institutional world, where uncertainty and unpredictability, on the one hand, can no longer be limited to decisions of nation-states, and on the other, a set of signs of such normalcy, internalizing, forms dissatisfaction and protest. The set of current changes and social transformations has the characteristic features of the cycle with a special introduction to it and new content. However, there is a coincidence with a number of signs of the "dark centuries" of the Middle Ages. The way out of them was connected both with the socialization of technological transfer of cultural heritage in the process of assimilation of accumulated knowledge, and with the use of cultural capital of the past. All this, through the exteriorization activity of the individual, gave rise to the institutional conditionality for self-realization in the formation of the capitalist world. The possibility of such self-realization formed the basis of the dialectic of the formation and development of the social world of capitalism. Thus, socialization as a process of human assimilation of social ways of life and culture provided then and can provide today a social transformation of long-term nature in terms of movement from the current dominant importance of cosmopolitan universalization of the liberally organized market, which gave rise to the current crisis in society and the economy, to the evolutionary and institutional development of the economy and social transformations, through which there was a way out of the crisis and overcoming the challenges of modernity. The basis of such transformation is the mechanism of transformation of social reality on the basis of socialization on the way to a new social quality as a resource of development.

The existence of common features and regularities of the neostructuralist model of modernization in the successfully modernized economies of East Asian countries with different regimes is substantiated. Above all, it is an active "entrepreneurial" role of the state in developing infrastructure as an important factor of production and encouraging, under competitive market environment, export-oriented sectors of the economy based on existing comparative advantages, gradual introducing to competitive positions in domestic and foreign markets the previously established large capital-intensive and high-tech enterprises. A critical prerequisite for success is the state's proper attention to developing "soft" infrastructure, in particular, ensuring such important components of the "inclusive" economy as respect for property rights, impartiality of commercial courts, wide choice of economic activity, quality education system devoid of class privileges and status barriers, etc. All these components are present in modern highly competitive economies of the Confucian tradition. It is shown that the center-periphery paradigm, reflecting the fractal nature of economic and social networks, organically fits into the theory of the new structural economy at all levels of analysis, strategy, and practical economic policy. Thus, even from a low agricultural start with an active and purposeful structural policy of the state, it is possible to form "cores" of comparative competitiveness, derived from endogenous rather than exogenous factors of economic development. Based on the factor endowment of national economy, enterprises with existing comparative advantages, regardless of whether they belong to the first or sixth technological mode, should be provided by the state with additional incentives (credit, infrastructure, etc.) to enter foreign markets, attract foreign investors, carry out technology transfer. Particular attention is paid to the modernization experience of Poland, whose government since the end of 2016 has been applying in its economic program and policy the theoretical achievements and practical experience of East Asian neostructuralism.

A current state of understanding the new economic realities and the role of economic education in it are shown. The conclusion is substantiated that the main content of economic education should be the formation of an economic way of thinking that can be provided only on the basis of learning the economic theory. This theory equips man with the means of disclosing the essence in unity with its external forms of manifestation and thus provides the mean for choosing the adequate measures of influence on the economic reality in order to transform it in proper direction. The main components of the formation of economic thinking are revealed. The disciplines providing the qualitative, quantitative and dimensional analysis of economic phenomena and processes, as well as disciplines of logical-historical, subject-functional and functional-level cycles, are determined. The interrelation of economy, finance and management on the micro, macro and international levels of their functioning is characterized. Changes to the list of knowledge and specialties branches, the content of economic education and the organization of highly qualified specialists training are proposed. It is reasonable to allocate the economics from the field of knowledge "Social and behavioral sciences" into a particular branch and its combination with finance and management, which today belong to the field of knowledge "Management and administration". Proposals are also submitted that aimed at improving the content of education in the magistracy and organizing the training of Ph.D in economics and doctors of science in economics. Based on the above, it is concluded that economic education is a necessary mediating link and a path from economic theory, which is a way of mental exploration of economic reality, to the use of the system of economic categories and laws as means of determining tools to influence real economic phenomena and processes. Therefore, the practical function of economic theory lies, first of all, in its ability to find ways of transforming the reality adequate to the economic system. And efficient and effective practical recommendations can be formulated on this basis only.

Prerequisites for the formation and development of the smart specialization concept in the EU are researched. The author identified the main characteristics of the smart specialization and its focus on mitigating the regional problems that impeded the realization of regional potential and discouraged the technological changes in the basic sectors of regional economy. It is found that entrepreneurial insight is the main principle of smart specialization, differentiating this innovative approach to priorities of the regional development setting from the previous ones. European practice of the smart specialization implementation is analyzed as based on the precise establishment of its correlation with the principal elements of the European policy of economic growth: regional, industrial and innovational components. The process of introducing the smart specialization in Ukraine is also being considered. Its specific features are revealed, touching upon the usage of the smart specialization approaches taking into account the regional specifics of the industrial development of the country. Inexpediency and unjustifiedness of the predominance of industrial component over other aspects of the smart specialization concept is justified. Proposals are made to improve the use of the smart specialization approaches, aimed at its becoming an instrument of a new regional policy, in Ukraine's state policy.

Today, the state policy on export development is being improved and the export support tools are being implemented at the legislative level. Exporting economic entities form the demand for financial services, which would meet current conditions in the international market, as well as allow for unrestricted settlements with foreign counterparties, available financing of working capital and insurance provision of export operations in order to increase the competitiveness of such entities. The author substantiates importance of the centralized focus of export support efforts, determines the concept of "trade financing and insurance" as a source of resource and institutional support for export operations and highlights the positive aspects and problems arising from financing of export transactions and settlements with counterparties. The state of international cooperation on export issues and trends of the world trade are briefly mentioned. As is known, the Export and Credit agency (ECA), an institution for insurance and export support, has recently been established; however, its place, management, tasks and resource base are still being determined. Therefore, the article proposes a basic schematic model of the activities of this institution. The author emphasizes that increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian exporters and strengthening their confidence in them in the international market are especially important given the world trend of "de-risking". De-risking is the limitation of cooperation with certain categories of clients or states (which Ukraine is sometimes included in) to avoid the risk of financing illicit activities, a person under sanctions, terrorism, and the like. The focus of further research the author suggests addressing such issues: (i) interaction of the state and private sectors with support of exports; (ii) determination of the product range of financial institutions servicing the subjects of foreign trade, as well as the ECA; (iii) impact of sanctions and restrictions on Ukraine's foreign trade relations. Accelerating the development of exports and overcoming obstacles when concluding the external trade agreements and settlements will ultimately help Ukraine to take a niche among the world's exporters and strengthen its own financial security.

There is a struggle in Ukraine between the collectivism of the past and the individualized activity of the present with a propensity for opportunistic behavior. This profound contradiction is historically predetermined, and, in fact, it has set a higher level of social embodiment in formation of extractive institutions. Thus, both society and the state face the task of harmonizing the activities of public institutions, church organizations, parties and movements, as uncontrolled markets are devastating in their consequences because they lack moral foundations. In Ukraine, in the last three years, after a significant drop in the economy and implementation of austerity policy, 51,1% of the population has a level of income below the subsistence level. Possibilities of overcoming this destruction in the incomes of Ukraine's population are significantly limited, since this negative tendency is logically linked to the relevant global processes, which in 20 years can deepen the inequality both in income and in terms of property control. As today's experts on poverty issues say, it will be even more unfair to humans, and, accordingly, "the worlds of billions of poor" will be formed. And, as repeatedly stressed, this will be a characteristic feature of the "new Middle Ages"; since it is widely acknowledged that those who have property or capital grow up much faster than those who do not have such property. The current institutions of the state and government, including in Ukraine, are generally characterized by a low level of trust in society. Consequently, without close cooperation of the state with civil society organizations, successful reform of the domestic economy and conduct of active economic policy, if possible, it is only due to too slow progress, and even under the pressure of external factors not always realized in national interests. That is why the principles of "developing protectionism" in line with the national economic interests, which are under serious exogenous pressure, need to be updated in Ukraine. Therefore it is necessary to make a transition to a stable trajectory of long-term economic growth on the basis of endogenization, thanks to which the role of dominating now exogenous factors in economic development will decrease.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the European Green Deal (EGD) commitments, identify opportunities and threats for the development of Ukrainian industry, and elaborate proposals for the adaptation of Ukrainian producers to the requirements of the EGD. It is shown that the EGD is at the centre of the European agenda, and it is a modern challenge that can change the economy and consumption patterns not only in the European Union but throughout the world. This could have profound geopolitical implications. The authors justify that Ukraine has stable economic, social, and political ties with the EU and has been involved in new value chains with European producers, so implementing the EGD opens new opportunities for "green" transformations of the Ukrainian industry. It has been found that Ukraine should serve to implement international commitments on development. However, such compliance carries significant threats aggravated by technological backwardness and financial insecurity of industrial agents. Also, complying with Ukraine's international commitments and other international agreements could further impede access of Ukrainian goods to the EU market by strengthening trade barriers associated with more stringent environmental requirements. It has been shown that today the level of climatic neutrality and environmental load on the environment in Ukraine does not correspond to European standards. This enhances the importance of adapting the Ukrainian industry to the requirements of the EGD. To address the shortcomings, the authors propose regulatory and institutional changes. Paper recommends developing economic incentives to save energy and primary material resources, modern waste management methods to minimize waste volumes, disseminate environmental innovations and environmentally friendly resource-efficient technologies to develop "green" business.

The paper considers the conceptual grounds of the possibility of integration of the Ukrainian industry into circular value chains. The authors have identified the global challenges threatening the industry development of Ukraine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as border closings, the increased requirements of security due to isolation, the blockage of labour migration flows, the disruption of intermediate goods supply chains, the decline in production operations, a considerable shortage of capital, declining returns, undermining the financial stability and liquidity; increasing the probability of failure. Implementation of Ukrainian industry on the circular value chains contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the prospects for the restoration of Ukraine's industrial capacity in the harsh conditions of the coronavirus pandemic. Due to assessment of the losses caused by COVID-19 authors have shown that supply disruptions had effect on reducing the length of value chains, particularly in the machinery, metallurgy and textile sectors. The authors have determined that circular value chains maximize value-added throughout the product life cycle to increase the recycling of materials. The prospects for the integration of Ukrainian industry into circular value chains were justified, in particular, production of paper, paperboard, PET and glass; recycling of building debris, used clothing, tyres and organic waste; repair and rehabilitation of household appliances. An important role can be played by Ukrainian industry, which, although under challenging conditions, has sufficient potential in circular value chains. With this purpose, the following government incentives were developed: improvement of legislation, implementation of the principles of balanced Ukrainian development, financial support for projects aimed at developing a circular economy, as well as development of regional waste management plans with special focus on the European Green Deal.

Considered the causes and results of the economic achievements of South Korea, which for one generation's lifetime had managed to leapfrog from poverty to the top of the world's advanced economies. Analyzed the similarity between the problems of the Republic of Korea, which has been at war with its northern neighbor for more than 70 years, and Ukraine since 2014, as both countries are at the epicenter of strategic conflicts in Eurasia, in which basic interests of world powers collide. Confucianism is analyzed as a model of social and personal relations that has absorbed the wisdom and experience of the millennia-old civilization, demonstrated its exceptional viability, capacity to dynamically modernize and creatively assimilate the achievements of other cultures and civilizations. There is a unique synthesis of values of the two most competitive systems of work ethic in the modern world – Confucianism and Protestantism, which ensured the phenomenal success of the South Korean modernization. It is argued that the very combination of strong socially responsible state, competitive structural democracy and social and labor ethics based on the amalgam of Confucian and Christian values gave effect to the "Miracle on the Han River." It is shown that Ukraine and South Korea have a common position on the key issues of world order as well as promising bilateral relations, whereas the South Korean experience of economic modernization and development is of interest to Ukraine. Promising areas of Ukrainian-South Korean economic cooperation, such as electronics and IT technologies, renewable energy, aerospace and aviation industry, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and healthcare are substantiated. Ukraine may benefit from the ROK's positive experience in developing such areas as private entrepreneurship, small and medium business support, that would help practically solve the problem of microcredit and attract investment in the real sector of Ukraine's economy.