Suchergebnisse

Introduction. The aim of this article is to study the peculiarities of the formation of the North Caucasian political elite in emigration in France in the 1920s–1930s. This problem is solved using the example of the fate of major figures in the Mountain Republic, A.-M. Chermoev and the Dzhabagiev brothers. The main question of this study is the development of political thought and ideas about the state building on the North Caucasus among North Caucasian emigrants in France in the 1920s–1930s. Until 1917, the political development of the peoples in the North Caucasus was connected with Islam (Imam Shamil and his naibs, Muslim congresses, and the Muslim fraction in the State Duma). However, with emigration, the principles of the formation of the North Caucasian political elite and their views and activities were changed. Methods and materials. The study was prepared on the basis of the historical method with the primary archival sources, which were identified by the author in France (public and private archives) and in Russia. Analysis. The author of this article studied the desire of the North Caucasian leaders to form an alliance with the figures from Transcaucasia in order to create a single state and the principle of secularism in state building. These tendencies led to conflicts within the North Caucasian political elite, which they tried to resolve with the involvement of mediators – Transcaucasian leaders. Results. From the point of view of the development of the political culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus, political leaders of this region in emigration could make very big success in the formation of the North Caucasian political culture (political thought, political activity).

Archaeological sources make it possible to understand exactly how ordinary people lived, what their life consisted of, what they did, what they believed in, what clothes and jewelry they wore. All this applies to a greater extent to adults, and very little is known about children in antiquity. The article deals with archaeological data that contain information about various aspects of the life of children in the Golden Horde. Statistical analysis of burial grounds contains data on child mortality. Calculations of the increase in the size of the couch (sufa), on which the whole family slept, make it possible to approximately calculate the number of children in the family. Baby potties (tuvaks) and urinal tubes (sumaks) make it possible to reconstruct the cradles in which babies lay. Toys made from organic materials are not usually preserved, but during the excavations a number of ceramic toys in the form of whistles, toy dishes and animal figurines were found. Ceramic balls and mutton astragalus were used for various games. In one of the rich manor buildings of Sarai, a "children's" room was found, with "Babylon" — a game field — painted on it, and the plaster of the walls had scratched drawings, clearly made by a child's hand.