Suchergebnisse

The research aims to analyse oral history interviews of heterosexual people about their experience with homosexuals during the Soviet times. Eight interviews were selected for the analysis based on two criteria – the research participant belongs to the Soviet generation, and he/she has personally known homosexuals during the Soviet times. The paper presents interviews as a primary source, illuminating several challenges with obtaining the interviews and their interpretation. In addition, common narratives of communicative memories' evidence and their influence on current views of homosexuals in Latvian society, including its historical metanarrative and historical record, which relies on the nation's victimisation during the Soviet times, are analysed.

The conflict with the appointment of an interim leadership at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences is seen as both situational and systemic. The problem corresponds to the main topics of the author's research: 1) modern and postmodern; 2) general theory of ideology and analysis of spe­cific ideological processes; 3) problems of intellectual, political and institutional freedom. Attempts to discredit the activities of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in terms of format and style fit, on the one hand, into the traditions of the well-known "doctors' plot", and on the other hand, into the experience of the latest extreme postmodernism with its most open ec­lecticism and disconnection from external reference. At the same time, there is an implicit attitude towards ideology not as a system of ideas, but as a system of institutions. This allows us to talk about analogies with the practice of raider capture. Philosophy is considered as a self-sufficient and at the same time prac­tically oriented type of intellectual activity. This self-sufficiency brings it closer to art, in which, starting from a certain level of masterpieces and geniuses, gen­eral value hierarchical comparisons are considered not quite correct.

In recent decades, the crisis of sociology has been increasingly discussed in the social science discourse. Many well-known Russian and foreign socio­logists have already spoken out on this issue. Discussions about the theoreti­cal decline, the decline in the social status of sociological science, its transforma­tion from fundamental to applied knowledge are reproduced at congresses and conferences, in numerous publications. The bibliography devoted to the cri­sis of sociology has dozens of sources, and this stream does not decrease. In line with this popular topic, the author substantiates his approach to the analysis of the crisis problem in sociology, which is based on epistemologi­cal contradictions laid down in the creation of the specialized science of so­ciety in the middle of the 19th century – during the rise of positivism, which denies classical philosophy and focuses on an empirical approach, demon­strated high efficiency in the natural sciences, yielding positive results. The article substantiates that the rejection of abstract thinking, the narrowing of the boundaries of knowledge to the framework of empirical knowledge, the reduction of cognitive activity to practical experience, the primacy of methodology over theory are the birth traumas of sociology that brought it to its current position.

The article deals with the problem of conflicts of values and in particular issues such as: (1) what is a conflict of values? (2) what grounds claims about the existence of such conflicts? (3) are these conflicts apparent or real? (4) how can empirical conflicts be resolved? The successive steps of the presented argumentation are a development of the following propositions: (1) a conflict of values consists in the mutual incompatibility of the realization of values of equal strength; (2) a conflict of values is in fact a conflict of duties; (3) a conflict in the first principles of duty (revealed in peculiar practical situations) comes from either (a) the adoption of different historical ethos into a normative theory, or (b) errors (inconsistencies) in the theory; (4) ways of removing conflicts of duty consist in correcting the normative theory by introducing necessary meta-principles to it. At the end of the article, the following thesis is presented: the statement about the existence of real (ontological) conflicts of duty is inconsistent with the postulate of applying practical rationality in practice.

The problem of internal continuity in national philosophy is one of the most popular topoi in thinking about the identity and originality of national philosophical schools in East-Central Europe. This article looks at the role that history of philosophy (as a discipline and field of scholarly inquiry) might play in establishing and ensuring internal continuity in national philosophical traditions. In particular, the early twentieth century debate between Polish philosophers Henryk Struwe (1840–1912) and Kazimierz Twardowski (1866– 1938), emphasized a self-aware national reception of world philosophy, and the importance of addressing one's own predecessors in national philosophy, as key factors in ensuring internal continuity. This article offers an analysis of the modern-day perception of this discussion, and the principles it offers, by Ukrainian philosophers. It also looks into the productivity of these factors, and the level to which they're assimilated and used by Ukrainian philosophers. Acknowledging that the history of Ukrainian philosophy as a discipline and field of scholarly research in today's Ukraine has turned into a sort of historical consciousness of Ukrainian philosophy, and leaning on the work of Vilen Horskyi (1931–2007), the author analyzes the conditions in which this discipline might become a factor in moulding a Ukrainian national tradition.

"Appeals to need abound in everyday discussion. People make claims about their own needs all the time, and they do so in a way that suggests these should have a certain moral force. Needs also play an important role in contemporary popular discourse about social justice, climate change, obligations to future generations, dealing fairly with refugees, treating animals humanely, and critiques of consumerist lifestyles - to name just a few of the many examples. The idea of need is present in an increasing number of debates and domains. There is interest in need from several disciplines, not just philosophy, which also include psychology, economics, political science, social work and sociology. This volume, then, offers a fine introduction to an increasingly important concept in day-to-day life. In a new Foreword, Gillian Brock discusses the continuing significance of several innovative chapters in the book, indicating how they presaged new directions in philosophical conversation. Soran Reader (1963-2012) was Reader in Philosophy at Durham University. She was the author of Needs and Moral Necessity (2007). Gillian Brock is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Auckland and a recent Fellow at the Edmond J Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University. She has published widely on ethics, political and social philosophy, and several applied ethics fields, along with a number of more inter-disciplinary areas. Her latest book is Justice for People on the Move (2022)"--

Содержанием советской марксистской философии является диалектиче­ский и исторический материализм, а основной сутью – особое внимание к материальной объективности мира и закономерностям его движения. Эта философия, отвечавшая потребностям русской пролетарской революции и строительства советского государства, а также рационального просвеще­ния российского общества, родилась в период создания сталинской моде­ли социализма, вскоре стала официальной философией и достигла своего звездного часа. После 1953 г., с подъемом гуманизма, советская марксист­ская философия подверглась все новым и новым атакам. Сталинская мо­дель социализма, построенная на централизованном управлении обществом, не смогла приспособиться к потребностям социума, в котором наука и тех­ника стали первой производительной силой, и оказалась в трудной ситуа­ции. Провал горбачевских реформ привел к исчезновению Коммунистиче­ской партии Советского Союза, распаду социалистического Советского Союза и концу советской марксистской философии. Секрет взлета и паде­ния советской марксистской философии кроется в советском социалистиче­ском эксперименте. Советская марксистская философия заложила теорети­ческие основы для модернизации России, а изучение глобальных проблем, предпринятое в ней, остается актуальным и сегодня.

The article focuses on the phenomenon of queer domesticity in Latvia in the 20th century, analysing evidence of a homosexual couple living together in a house they built in Rīga. Adapting to different political regimes, two men who met while working in the theatre could maintain their lives together for about twenty years. To do this, they had to use various adaptation tactics and subterfuge and create their own concept of family in their daily lives. Their subterfuge tactics have been so successful that their queerness and cohabitation are forgotten today. This case study adds to the knowledge of queerness during the Soviet era by highlighting the complex relationship between personal freedom and conformism concerning state power in the artistic environment.