Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Preface Horst Kohler -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Economic Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa-An Overview Zubair Iqbal -- Part I. Selected Macroeconomic and Financial Issues -- 2. Demographic Transition in the Middle East: Implications for Growth, Employment, and Housing Pierre Dhonte, Rina Bhattacharya, and Tarik Yousef -- 3. Determinants of Inflation in the Islamic Republic of Iran- A Macroeconomic Analysis Olin Liu and Olumuyiwa S. Adedeji -- 4. Financial Liberalization in Arab Countries Karim Nashashibi, Mohamad Elhage, and Annalisa Fedelino -- 5* Monetary Operations and Government Debt Management Under Islamic Banking V. Sundararajan, David Marston, and Ghiath Shabsigh -- Addendum. Recent Developments in Islamic Banking Ghiath Shabsigh -- 6. Fiscal Sustainability with Nonrenewable Resources Nigel Chalk -- Part II. External Policies -- 7. External Stability Under Alternative Nominal Exchange Rate Anchors: An Application to the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries S. Nuri Erbas, Zubair Iqbal, and Chera L. Sayers -- 8. Real Exchange Rate Behavior and Economic Growth in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia Ilker Domac and Ghiath Shabsigh -- 9. Exchange Rate Unification, the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate, and the Choice of Exchange Rate Regime: The Case of the Islamic Republic of Iran V. Sundararajan, Michel Lazare, and Sherwyn E. Williams -- Addendum. Exchange System Reforms in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Note on Past and Current Practices Ghiath Shabsigh -- 10. Export Performance and Competitiveness in Arab Countries Karim Nashashibi, Ward Brown, and Annalisa Fedelino -- 11. The Impact of European Union Association Agreements on Mediterranean Countries Henri Ghesquiere -- Addendum. Implementation of the European Union Association Agreements Daniel Hardy, Nicole Laframboise, and Edouard Martin.

All the developed countries that agreed to be donors under the
proposal for Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) adopted at the
first UNCTAD session in 1964, have introduced their individual (GSP)
schemes.1 Under these schemes, imports of a large number of manufactures
and semimanufactures from less developed countries are permitted at zero
or reduced tariff rates up to a certain maximum amount. The full tariff
rates continue to apply to imports from other countries. Attention has
focused on the institutional arrangements underlying the schemes, the
nature and possible effects of quantitative limitations such as import
ceilings and tariff quotas, and the estimation of probable demand
responses to preferential tariff cuts in developed countries under
specific schemes [3,4, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14]. An underlying assumption
of the GSP has been that a preferential treatment of imports from less
developed countries would promote the exports of manu¬factured and
semimanufactured products from these countries. The purpose of , this
study is not to test or otherwise quantify this hypothesis as such.
Rather, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of the
global trade effects of all the schemes, taken individually as well as
collectively, by estimating the trade creation, (i.e., increase in world
trade) and trade diversion, (i.e., decline in the exports of
non-preferred countries) effects. These estimates are drawn upon

One of the proposals of the first United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development in 1964 was the establishment of a system of
preferential tariff rates favouring existing imports from less developed
countries under which all developed countries would unilaterally reduce
their tariff duties charged on imports from less developed countries
while maintaining most¬ favoured-nation rates1 on imports from other
(developed) countries. The idea was later extended to cover all
manufactured products and came to be known as the Generalized System of
Preferences (GSP). The first GSP scheme was introduced by the European
Economic Community on July 1, 1972. It was followed by schemes of
Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Some socialist countries have also
implemented GSP schemes.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Opening Address Alassane Ouattara -- 2 Trade Reforms and Regional Integration- An Overview Zubair Iqbal and Mohsin S. Khan -- Part I. Trade Reform, Macroeconomic Adjustment, and Growth -- 3 Trade Liberalization Michael Mussa -- 4 Trade Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa Robert Sharer -- 5 The Revenue Implications of Trade Liberalization Liam P. Ebrill and Janet G. Stotsky -- 6 Globalization: Implications for Africa Paul Collier -- 7 Why Is Trade Reform So Difficult in Africa? Dani Rodrik -- 8 Africa's Role in Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Past and Future Zhen Kun Wang and L. Alan Winters -- 9 Trade and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Benno J. Ndulu and Njuguna S. Ndung'u -- 10 Africa: Industrialization Strategy in the Context of Globalization Charles Chukwuma Soludo -- Part II. Regional Integration in Africa -- 11 Regional Integration: Lessons from Asia and the Western Hemisphere Gary Hufbauer and Barbara Kotschwar -- 12 Trade Policy and Regional Integration in Sub-Saharan Africa Ademola Oyejide -- 13 Beyond Trade: Regional Arrangements as a Window on Globalization Christian A. Francois and Arvind Subramanian -- 14 Regional Integration, Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa Ibrahim A. Elbadawi and Francis M. Mwega -- 15 Sub-Saharan African Experiences with Regional Integration Ernest Aryeetey -- 16 Regional Integration Arrangements in Southern Africa: SADC and SACU Trudi Hartzenberg and Gavin Maasdorp -- 17 Regional Trade Arrangements: The COMESA Experience Louis A. Kasekende and Charles A. Abuka -- 18 The Role of ECOWAS in Trade Liberalization Charles D. Jebuni -- List of Participants.

The present study investigates the representation of America in Anglophone Pakistani Literature with a special focus on Sorayya Khan's City of Spies with the assumption to trace some possible connection between American intervention and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the context of Pakistan's politics. Given the American intervention in Pakistani politics and its indelible impact on the domestic and international scenario had made the country a virtual battleground for the superpowers of the world. Khan's novel situates this conflict in the aftermath of the military coup of General Zia, followed by the Afghan war and (c)overt American alliance in it, which brought about serious implications for the Pakistani state. The story of the novel offers some pertinent extracts which deal, literally or metaphorically, with the role and representation of America in these geostrategic events. The article has used the critical cultural angle by investing the theoretical views of Ziauddin Sardar in terms of the Muslim world's apathy for America in the aftermath of cold war politics are used to get a better insight into the central problem by underscoring how this foreign policy of America has been responsible for the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan.