This paper demonstrates that polluters not only refer to a company or individual but also includes government and society. In economic perspective, the impacts of economic activities on environment are considered externalities (external costs). In order to develop an environmentally friendly economic system, every economic activity needs to internalize the external costs as one of the components of production costs. In this regard, environmental economics plays an important role in valuing such externalities.Various policy instruments are also discussed in this paper in order to support sustainable environmental development. It is concluded that with no market distortion, market-based mechanism instrument is considered effective in protecting environment. If market distortion exists, however, regulation-based instrument is considered more effective.
Negative externality impacts on environment and human health are the consequences of continuous and heavy use of chemical pesticides. It has also brought about adverse effects towards agricultural production since it was found that only 1 % of the inputs was absorbed by the plants, while the rest was left to the environment as poisonous waste. Realizing such serious problems the Indonesian government waived subsidy for chemical pesticides in 1989 and at the same time Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program was introduced. To see the superiority of IPM technology it is important to evaluate the program in two ways: (l) evaluating whether the IPM technology has successfully reduced the use of chemical pesticides, and (2) what incentives the IPM technology provides to the farmers in coping with the risk of crop loss due to the pest damage. The study found the IPM technology successfully reduced the application of chemical pesticides in Yogyakarta province without sacrificing the level of rice output for the farmers. The study concludes that IPM technology provides incentives to the farmers in the form of lower pest damage, lower crop loss, and better yield so that the farmers are willing to adopt this technology in their rice farming.
Abstract: This article is written to explain the dynamics of contemporary Islamic thought and the role of Islamic education as one of its supports. The dynamics of Islamic thought are diverse but have the same character that is opposite thoughts and thoughts that seek common ground. The opposite thoughts depicting here are Islamic fundamentalism and liberalism. Then the thought that seeks common ground here is called hybrid thought. This article is a literature review by utilizing the findings in the previous study formulated into new findings that have not been discussed in the previous study. This paper concludes that the dynamic of contemporary Islamic thought with its character grows not from the role of Islamic education. Although it cannot be denied that the role of Islamic education in this case is not the only one, because there are other factors such as historical, political, technological, globalization, modernization, social and cultural contexts. Fundamental Islamic thought can be sustained and developed by an ideological-purist Islamic education model (manhaj salafi). Likewise, the form of liberal thinking and development by an academic-scientifically oriented, rational and secular model of education. Hybrid forms of thought that are supported by a moderate-inclusive education model that develop textual-contextual methods, balance nasal sources, reason and intuitive, accommodate old and modern traditions that are still relevant and do not conflict with religious values.الملخص: هذه المقالة تقصد لشرح ديناميات الفكرة الاسلامية المعاصرة و دور التعليم الاسلام الذي أصبح في عداد من دماعته . أن ديناميات الفكرة الاسلامية مختلفة ولكن لديها صبغة يعنى الفكرالذي ينعكس بعضها بعضا، والفكر الذي يسعى النتيجة . والفكر المنعكس الذى شرح هنا هي الأصولية والليبرالية الاسلام . ثم الفكرالذي يبتغي النتائج هنا يسمى بفكر الهجين . هذا المقال يقولب مراجعة الادبيات التى تستخدم النتائج في دراسة السابق ثم وضعت ليكون المكتشف الجديد الذي لم يبحث في دراسة السابق . هذه الكتابة تجمل أن ديناميات الفكرة الاسلامية المعاصرة مع طبيعتها نشأت لا تتخلع من دور التعليم الاسلام . وعلى الرغم ، لاشك أن دور التعليم الاسلام ليست وحدة في هذه الحالة ، لأن هناك عوامل أخرى مثل العوامل التاريخ ، والسياسية ، والتكنولوجي ، والعولمة ، والتحديثة ، وسياق الاجتماعية والثقافية . الفكرة الاسلامية الاصولية مستمرة و يبنى أو يولد عن شكل التعليم الاسلام العقائدي (المنهج السلفي) . لذلك أيضا شكل من الفكر الليبرالي مستمرة و يولد عن شكل التعليم المنحى في الدرسي العمي ، عقلي ، و زمني . و شكل الفكر الهجين مستمرة عن شكل التعليم الوسطي ضمنا الذي تطورأساليب النصية والسياقية , يتوازن مصدر النص حيلة وبديهية ، تكيف التقليد القديم والحديث كان وثيق و لا يتعارض عن قيمة الدين .Abstrak: Artikel ini bermaksud untuk menjelaskan dinamika pemikiran Islam kontemporer dan peran pendidikan Islam yang menjadi salah satu penopangnya. Dinamika pemikiran Islam itu beragam namun memiliki karakter yang sama yaitu pemikiran yang saling berlawanan dan pemikiran yang mencari titik temu. Pemikiran yang saling berlawanan yang dijelaskan di sini adalah fundamentalismedan liberalisme Islam. Kemudian pemikiran yang mencari titik temu di sinidisebut dengan pemikiran hybrid. Artikel ini merupakan kajian pustaka dengan memanfaatkan temuan-temuan dalam kajian terdahulu lalu dirumuskan menjadi temuan baru yang belum dibahas pada kajian sebelumya.Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa dinamika pemikiran Islam kontemporer dengan karakternya tumbuh berkembang tidak terlepas dari peran pendidikan Islam. Meskipun tidak dipungkiri bahwa peran pendidikan Islam dalam hal ini bukan satu-satunya, karena masih ada faktor lainnya seperti faktor sejarah, politik, teknologi, globalisasi, modernisasi, konteks sosial dan budaya. Pemikiran Islam fundamental dapat ditopang dan dilahirkan oleh model pendidikan Islam idiologis-puris (manhaj salafi). Begitu pula bentuk pemikiran liberal ditopang dan dilahirkan oleh model pendidikan yang berorientasi akademik-ilmiah, rasional dan sekuler. Bentuk pemikiran hybridditopang oleh model pendidikan moderat-inklusif yang mengembangkan metode tekstual-kontekstual, menyeimbangkan sumber nas}, akal dan intuitif, mengakomodasi tradisi lama dan modern yang masih relevan dan tidak bertentangan dengan nilai agama.
Until the entry into force of the Rome Statute, the definition of the crime of aggression was not also found in it. This leaves the International Criminal Court (ICC) without jurisdiction over crimes of aggression. The absence of ICC jurisdiction over crimes of aggression has resulted in military aggression that has not been processed by the ICC during the time when the proxy war / cold war was initiated. This means that the violation of delicto jus gentium juice is allowed even after the ICC has been established. This study aims: (1) to identify and identify the definition, limitations, and jurisdiction of the ICC for crimes of aggression; and (2) to determine the enforcement of ICC jurisdiction over crimes of aggression after the Kampala Amendments were adopted into the Rome Statute. The research method uses a type of normative research with a statutory approach and a historical approach. The results show that the ICC's definition, limitations, and jurisdiction over the crime of aggression have existed in the Rome Statute since Kampala Amendments were adopted into the Rome Statute. However, until now the enforcement of the ICC's jurisdiction over crimes of aggression has not been carried out concretely.
The manuscript is one of the relics of the past owned by the people of Indonesia. The manuscript stored a number of past information that shows the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, customs, and values that apply to past societies. Manuscripts are available in various regions in Indonesia, one of them in Palembang. Malay manuscripts are texts written in Malay which are generally Arabic-Malay (Jawi). The existence of this ancient manuscript located in vulnerable society will be damaged . The importance of biological knowledge to this text makes provision for society and government in an effort to keep the extinct. Objectives of the research are to know the form and type of destruction of manuscripts, factors causing damage, to identify the types of biota and insects that destroyed and also how to cope with the presence of insects and biota in Malay manuscript storage. The research with a descriptive quantitative approach. The sampling of insects and biota by hand collecting method. Identified insect use to morphometric technique. The results are found 11 species of insects from 5 orders and 6 families. Cause damage to manuscripts in Palembang include as physical and chemical factors. Processes causing the destruction of manuscripts include biological factors Keyword: Identification Insect and abiotic factors, Manuscript Malay in Palembang
Allah SWT told us that in the story of the assabiquunal awwalun there were lessons learned for the thinking people, which is able to contemplate the stories, finding her wisdom and advice, as well as digging of the stories are life lessons and instructions. Story method is one of God ways in educating and teaching people. This is in line with the conditions that psychologically human loves stories. Hopefully using story methods, we can deliver educational messageseffectively without anyone feeling patronized. In Qur'an, Allah tells examples (uswah hasanah)and lessons (ibrah)for all of us through the stories of the Prophet, figures, and the earlier people. By referring to the stories found in Qur'an, we can conclude that the Qur'an is a way of life that explains the life of past, present and future. The Qur'an also teach us about the educational value of monotheism, intellectual, moral / moral, sexual, spiritual, democracy.
This study describes the thinking of Hizbut Tahrir about some of the themes of political economy. It should be studied, because they spreads the ideas of Islamic economics which aimed to political objectives; namely establishing the Caliphate in the world. With the approach of the literature, the results showed that the economic issues which were highlighted by Hizbut Tahrir revolves around the ideas related to the economy from the West, which have political motive. This can be assessed from debt relief, privatization, globalization, and free markets. Hizbut Tahrir considered that the condition of Muslims today are weak both economic and political aspects. On the other hand, Western countries propagate their ideas strongly to Muslim countries.
Yellow maize for animal feed is one of potential strategic commodities to be developed in Pacitan Regency, as a marginal area. The focusing question is whether this commodity generates competitiveness. This research aims: 1) to determine the private and social profitability, 2) to analyze competitiveness through comparative and competitive advantages, 3) to discuss effects of government policies on maize farming system. Data were analyzed by using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method. A sampling area was purposively selected, i.e. Pacitan Regency, while 102 maize farmers were proportionally selected as respondents. The research covers three seasons: rainy season I, rainy season II, and dry season. The result of analysis shows that in the rainy season II, maize farming in Pacitan generates private and social profits and competitiveness as indicated by the Private Cost Ratio (PCR) and the Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRCR) of less than one. The maize farming in the rainy season I and the dry season does not generate either profit or competitiveness. In general, the level of government protection of agricultural outputs is considered low but the protection of both tradable and non-tradable agricultural inputs is high. The government policy on agricultural outputs and inputs simultaneously does not protect maize farming effectively.
The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of implementation tariff and non-tariff policy also the other factors on demand and competitiveness Indonesia's tuna commodity. Panel data was implemented in this research because beside used anually time series data during the period 1983-2008 also used cross section data which describe the demand and competitiveness condition of Indonesia's tuna commodity in three major market. Equation models in this research were estimated with Generalized Least Square (GLS) method withfzxed effect to analyse all of demand and competitiveness of export tuna in three major market and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to analyse demand and competitiveness of export tuna in each market. Meanwhile the competitiveness of tuna is measured using Revealed Comparatif Advantage (RCA) index. The results show that export price in European union and shrimp price in Japan are main factors the demand of Indonesia's tuna export in three major market. The change of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Japan has not been influenced the demand of Indonesia's tuna export to these country because Japan's import of fishery product from Indonesia has been donefrequently and Indonesia's market share is very high. Export tuna from Indonesia is competing with export tuna from Thailand in European and Japan market while with export tuna from Philippines in USA market. Tariff policy more reduce and didn't influenced on demand and competitiveness. Thisfinding were confirmed by significancy which more little than non-tariff policy.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak penerapan kebijakan tarif 'dan non-tarif serta beberapa faktor lainnya terhadap permintaan dan daya saing tuna Indonesia. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan data panel karena selain menggunakan data runtut waktu (1983-2008) juga menggunakan data silang yang menggambarkan kondisi permintaan dan daya saing tuna di ketiga pasar yaitu Uni Eropa, Amerika dan Jepang. Model persamaan dalam penelitian ini diestimasi dengan metode data panel (Generalized Least Square/ GLS dengan efek tetap) untuk menggambarkan seluruh permintaan dan daya saing ekspor tuna ke tiga pasar dan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS) untuk menggambarkan kondisi permintaan dan daya saing tuna di masing-masing pasar. Pengukuran daya saing tuna dengan menggunakan indeks Revealed Comparatif Advantage (RCA). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa harga ekspor di Uni .Eropa dan harga udang di Jepang merupakan penentu utama permintaan tuna Indonesia di pasar produktif. Impor perikanan Jepang akan produk tuna dari Indonesia yang sudah rutin dilakukan dan besamya pangsa pasar tuna Indonesia di Jepang menyebabkan perubahan pendapatan nasional (GDP masyarakat Jepang) tidak mempengaruhi permintaan tuna Indonesia ke negara tersebut. Indonesia bersaing dengan Thailand di pasar Uni Eropa dan Jepang serta bersaing dengan Filipina di pasar Amerika. Kebijakan tarif semakin tidak berpengaruh terhadap permintaan dan daya saing tuna Indonesia ke pasar produktif yang dibuktikan dengan nilai signifIkansi yang lebih keeil dibandingkan kebijakan non-tarif yang diberlakukan.
The indigenous society of Lampung is divided into two large groups; Saibatin and Pepadun. Both societies has many diversities in origins, so the local government arrangements is stimulated in the consultative mechanism represented by punyimbang at each level within the representative agency called Perwatin ( Proatin ). With anthropologic analysis , this paper would like to emphasize the meaning , role and function of institutional of Perwatin and Kepunyimbangan for indigenous peoples of West Lampung, its relevance to contemporary of democratic values, and the opportunities and the existence of the traditional institutions in the implementation of the reform of Regional Autonomy Law . According to the findings of the research, prowatin and punyimbangan are still very important to be implemented in local communities in West Lampung. This is case due to democratic values and local wisdom in prowatin institutions and kepenyimbangan accordance with the conditions of the community and institutional environment in which it arise.
Abstrak Konflik sosial berbau SARA sering terjadi di Indonesia. Menurut para ahli hal ini karena negeri ini dihuni berbagai suku, agama, budaya, bahasa yang berbeda-beda. Perbedaan ini menimbulkan konflik oleh karena persoalan sepele seperti kasus Sidomulyo dan Waypanji Lampung Selatan. Akar penyebab konflik sosial beragam. Dari soal integrasi sosial antar kelompok yang belum selesai, prejudice atau kecurigaan, antar kelompok, pelabelan kurang baik pada kelompok lain, dan fanatisme kelompok yang berlebihan. Faktor lain, adalah ketidakadilan kebijakan politik yang dilakukan oleh para penguasa yang kurang memperhatikan aspek keragaman suku, agama, budaya yang ada. Atau dengan kata lain belum dijalankannya praktek politik multikultural, yang berusaha menghargai, memberi kesempatan yang sama kepada semua lapisan masyarakat untuk berkembang, berekpresi sesuai hak-hak azasi yang dimiliki. Dengan belajar pada kesalahan masa lalu, dan menjalankan politik multikultural, diharapkan kasus-kasus kekerasan sosial tidak terjadi lagi. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Politik Multikultural, Konflik dan Integrasi Sosial
Dalam sepucuk surat yang ditujukan untuk Bishop Mandell Creighton, Lord Acton pada 1887 pernah mengatakan bahwa "kekuasaan cenderung korup, dan kekuasaan mutlak sudah pasti korup." Kata-kata ini di kemudian hari menjadi diktum yang masyhur di dalam politik. Akan tetapi, gagasan ini tidaklah ditemukan oleh Lord Acton sendiri, dan bukan pula gagasan baru di zamannya. Banyak pemikir lain, khususnya para teoretikus liberal, memiliki pandangan serupa bahwa kekuasaan besar yang terkonsentrasi di tangan seorang penguasa akan melipatgandakan potensi penyelewengan atau korupsi. Premis ini masih relevan hingga sekarang, di mana demokrasi telah mengalami institusionalisasi di banyak negara, termasuk negara-negara "demokrasi baru" di Eropa Timur, Amerika Latin, dan beberapa bagian Asia. Salah satu implikasi dari pandangan ini adalah perlunya mendistribusikan kekuasaan ke beberapa institusi yang berbeda, masing-masing dengan norma, fungsi, dan kewenangannya sendiri. ; Dalam sepucuk surat yang ditujukan untuk Bishop Mandell Creighton, Lord Acton pada 1887 pernah mengatakan bahwa "kekuasaan cenderung korup, dan kekuasaan mutlak sudah pasti korup." Kata-kata ini di kemudian hari menjadi diktum yang masyhur di dalam politik. Akan tetapi, gagasan ini tidaklah ditemukan oleh Lord Acton sendiri, dan bukan pula gagasan baru di zamannya. Banyak pemikir lain, khususnya para teoretikus liberal, memiliki pandangan serupa bahwa kekuasaan besar yang terkonsentrasi di tangan seorang penguasa akan melipatgandakan potensi penyelewengan atau korupsi. Premis ini masih relevan hingga sekarang, di mana demokrasi telah mengalami institusionalisasi di banyak negara, termasuk negara-negara "demokrasi baru" di Eropa Timur, Amerika Latin, dan beberapa bagian Asia. Salah satu implikasi dari pandangan ini adalah perlunya mendistribusikan kekuasaan ke beberapa institusi yang berbeda, masing-masing dengan norma, fungsi, dan kewenangannya sendiri. Namun demikian, pada kenyataannya kebangkitan sistem dan pranata-pranata demokrasi tidak secara otomatis ...
Otonomi daerah yang bergulir di Indonesia pasca reformasi 1998 merupakan proses bergulirnya sistem negara dan pemerintahan di Indonesia yang berjalan cukup lancar dan banyak membawa perubahan mentalitas sistem pemerintahan dari sentralistik otoritarian menuju desentralistik demokrasi. Capaian otonomi daerah yang dirasakan sampai hari ini adalah lebih mandirinya pemerintah daerah dalam mengatur urusan rumah tangganya sendiri, meskipun dalam prosesnya banyak terdapat hambatan yang besar, penerapan otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi merupakan langkah yang diharapkan dapat memberikan dampak massif bagi Indonesia untuk menguatkan demokratisasi dan penerapan nilai integritas kebangsaan Indonesia yang akhir-akhir ini semakin tergerus oleh zaman modern. Tulisan ini mencoba mengupasnya secara komprehensif terhadap pola penerapan sistem otonomi daerah dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kepustakaan dan mendasarkan kegiatannya berupa analisis atas praktek yang terjadi dalam penerapan otonomi daerah di Indonesia.
