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The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs. ; L'Union Européenne a un programme ambitieux pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique, les institutions européennes devant désormais prendre en compte l'environnement dans le cadre de ses politiques. L'objectif de ma thèse consiste à évaluer les impacts des politiques publiques européennes sur l'agriculture et l'environnement, de mesurer leurs effets croisés et d'évaluer l'intérêt d'une meilleure coordination de ces politiques. La thèse vise à enrichir l'analyse économique sur des problématiques importantes recentrées sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) agricoles dans l'UE et le niveau de la production agricole, sous un angle quantitatif. La méthodologie repose sur un modèle de programmation mathématique qui simule l'offre agricole européenne (AROPAj), utilisant les données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole. L'analyse est réalisée à plusieurs niveaux, européen, national, régional et infra-régional, tenant compte de la variabilité du contexte économique qui caractérise l'agriculture européenne sur les six années 2007-2012. Nous évaluons tout d'abord comment l'agriculture peut contribuer à l'atténuation des émissions de GES dans l'UE et nous offrons une analyse détaillée des courbes de coûts marginaux d'abattement. Les résultats indiquent qu'en moyenne, sur la période 2007-2012, l'agriculture européenne peut réduire ses émissions d'environ 10%, 20% et 30% respectivement, pour les prix des émissions de 38, 112.5 et 205 Euros/tCO2eq. Nous montrons que l'agriculture peut offrir une atténuation substantielle et que le potentiel et les coûts d'atténuation varient substantiellement dans le temps et dans l'espace. La deuxième problématique étudiée porte sur la compatibilité entre l'augmentation de la production agricole et la diminution de l'impact de l'agriculture sur l'environnement. En introduisant une approche primale (via un prix du carbone) et une approche duale (via un objectif calorique), nous montrons qu'on peut réduire les émissions de GES et modifier l'offre agricole tout en augmentant la quantité en calories alimentaires. On étend la problématique des émissions de GES, en dissociant les prix des deux gaz (CH4 et N2O). Un système de prix différenciés permet de mieux adapter la politique de régulation climatique en fonction de l'horizon de temps sur lequel on se projette, offrant une flexibilité dans la réduction des coûts d'abattement des émissions.

The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate ...

The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate ...

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges humanity faces today. The existing mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not sufficient to deal with the major negative effects of climate change. The European Union's goal of becoming a net-zero greenhouse gas economy by 2050 represents the cornerstone of the European Green Deal, in conformity with the EU's global commitments under the Paris Agreement. To achieve climate neutrality goal by 2050, the deployment of Negative Emission Technologies (NETs) will be necessary. This paper focuses on one of these technologies, namely Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). In particular, it studies the French potential in terms of negative emissions and shows to what extent BECCS can represent a viable solution for achieving climate neutrality in France by 2050. We estimate the cost and potential of negative emissions for each of the nine BECCS technological options considered. Depending on the types of biomass corresponding to each technology, results show that the cost of a tonne of negative CO2 (€/tCO2) varies widely across the technologies: indirect gasification to Substitute Natural Gas (BioSNG) [32.7; 98.7]; gasification to liquid hydrogen [67.1; 96.2]; fast pyrolysis to liquid hydrogen [78.2; 98.5]; anaerobic digestion to biomethane [54,2; 118.9]; anaerobic digestion to electricity [73.9; 125]; gasification to liquid fuels [120.1; 163]; fast pyrolysis to electricity [150.2; 167.4]; hydrothermal liquefaction to liquid fuels [207.1; 314.4] and ethanol fermentation 53.3 €/tCO2. Our analysis highlights that BECCS plays a key role in achieving the neutrality goal in France by 2050. For a target of 15 million tonnes negative emissions in France in 2050, if we use 50% of the available biomass distributed equally between the nine BECCS technologies studied, it will be necessary to cumulate the potentials of several BECCS technologies at a cost per tonne of CO2 varying from 32.7 €/tCO2 to 98.5 €/tCO2. The marginal cost will increase with the setting of higher targets. ; publishedVersion

International audience ; This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. ; Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 ...

International audience ; This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. ; Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 EUR/tCO2eq, la réduction des émissions de GES varie de 25 à 35 % selon l'année de calibrage. Les résultats montrent également que la production actuelle de calories nettes provenant de l'alimentation peut être plus que doublée, tout en réduisant simultanément les émissions de GES de 10 à 15 %. La compatibilité entre une réduction des émissions de GES et une augmentation de la production de calories alimentaires repose sur des changements substantiels dans la production et l'alimentation animale, ce qui implique des variations importantes dans les prairies et les jachères. Ces effets sont contrastés entre les régions de l'UE.

International audience ; This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. ; Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 EUR/tCO2eq, la réduction des émissions de GES varie de 25 à 35 % selon l'année de calibrage. Les résultats montrent également que la production actuelle de calories nettes provenant de l'alimentation peut être plus que doublée, tout en réduisant simultanément les émissions de GES de 10 à 15 %. La compatibilité entre une réduction des émissions de GES et une augmentation de la production de calories alimentaires repose sur des changements substantiels dans la production et l'alimentation animale, ce qui implique des variations importantes dans les prairies et les jachères. Ces effets sont contrastés entre les régions de l'UE.

International audience ; We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule ...

International audience ; We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule ...

International audience ; We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule ...

International audience We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule les ...