Suchergebnisse

This study based on the well-known theories of public policy analysis, economics, as well as public finance through empirically exploring and examining the determinants of public expenditure on education in Bangladesh. It is postulated, for the purpose of the research that education expenditures are determined by multidimensional factors. Economic-demographic, decision-making, political, and new institutionalism theories are therefore been studied, along with the concept of education. This research identified as well as computed education expenditure by types along with levels of education as per the distribution of government budget and the education system of Bangladesh. The results disclosed that education financing policy in Bangladesh is primarily determined by the previous year's expenditures. Indirect tax also increased the total education expenditure as percentage of GDP. This is what in line of incrementalism theory and fiscal illusion or voting bias model suggests, respectively. Furthermore, total populations and government effectiveness has the positive impact of types as well as levels of education expenditures; implying that government of Bangladesh taken under consideration only certain factors and neglects to incorporate the importance of economic, governance and educational determinants while allocating education expenditures.

This article considers the narratives of power acting upon the Madhapur forests of Bangladesh. Power is unequally distributed amongst the actors involved: the native people, the national government, international agencies. This article will first consider this issue in the context of political ecology, and then discuss the resources within the forest and the settlement of the local forest dwellers. It will demonstrate that the power within narratives have been effectively utilised as weapons by the more powerful groups against the vulnerable to seize their lands, livelihoods and homes, and to mobilise planning development and its subsequent deforestation, with relative ease and even impunity.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Development Administration))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2020 ; This study is based on the well-known theories of public policy analysis, economics, and public finance and empirically explores and examines the determinants and income distributional effects of public expenditure on education in Bangladesh. It is postulated that multidimensional factors determine education expenditures. Economic-demographic, decision-making, political, and new institutionalism theories are therefore studied, along with the concept of education. This research identifies and computes education expenditure by types, along with levels of education as per the distribution of government budget and the education system of Bangladesh. The results disclosed that the previous year's expenditures primarily determine Bangladesh's education financing policy. The indirect tax also increases total education expenditure as a percentage of the GDP. This is in line what incrementalism theory and fiscal illusion or voting bias model suggests. Furthermore, total population and government effectiveness were seen to have a positive impact on the types and levels of education expenditures. This implies that Bangladesh's government has considered only certain factors and has neglected to incorporate the importance of economic, governance, and educational determinants in allocating education expenditure. This study was supplemented by the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data for measuring income inequality applying benefit incidence analysis. The aim was to determine whether public education expenditure reduces education inequality across the levels of education in Bangladesh and improves the distribution of educational expenditure across households. In general, the findings and analysis of the data demonstrated that the effects of the public expenditure of income distribution on primary education are pro-poor but secondary education is not pro-poor in terms of the distributional effects of public ...

This paper argues that Indian media is state-controlled and biased in its reporting. It has become a tool in the hands of Indian government for spreading Hindutva agenda and jingoistic sentiments in people, consequently giving rise to communal riots. The paper also draws attention to the phenomenon of paid news and fake news. It discusses the increasing incidents of corruption in the Indian media industry, also highlighted by the Press Council of India (PCI). Citing some specific examples, the study contends that those media channels and journalists who refuse to toe government's line face reprisals. The paper also analyzes the coverage of Indian media vis-à-vis revocation of article 370 and 35 A of the Indian constitution; most media outlets in India described situation in the Occupied Valley as 'normal' and Kashmiris to be 'happy' which could not be more far from reality.

Intro -- Disaster Risk Science and Technology: Addressing Cross-Cutting Challenges -- Contents -- Disaster Risk Science and Technology: Addressing Cross-Cutting Challenges -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Addressing Cross-Cutting Challenges -- 3 DRR and Geo-Environmental Perspective -- 4 DRR, Geo-Physical and Engineering Perspective -- 5 DRR, Socio-Economic and Cross-Cutting Issues -- References -- DRR and Geoenvironmental Perspectives -- Assessment of the Numerical Methods for the Seismic Resilience of Built Structures in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Design -- 3 Review of Parameters for Performance Evaluation -- 4 Performance Evaluation of Building -- 4.1 Review of Performance as Per Seismic Design Codes -- 4.2 Review Based on the Displacement Methodology -- 4.3 Review of the Analysis Methods for MDOF Systems -- 5 Observations and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Wind Hazards on the Indian Power System and Challenges for the Future: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of Electrical Power System -- 2.1 Power Generation Subsystem -- 2.2 Power Transmission Subsystem -- 2.3 Power Distribution Subsystem -- 3 Effect of Tropical Cyclones on Indian Power System -- 4 Methods of Evaluation of Hazards -- 5 Challenges and Future Research Directions -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Time-Frequency Analysis of Strong Ground Motions from the Mw 6.8 1991 Uttarkashi Earthquake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Ground Motions -- 3 Fast Fourier Transforms -- 4 Continuous Wavelet Transforms -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Earthquake Characteristics and Ground Motions in Christchurch, New Zealand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background and Methodology -- 3 Discussion and Analysis -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Wavelet Analysis of Near-Field Ground Motions from the Mw 7.8 2015 Gorkha Earthquake -- 1 Introduction.

Abstract Introduction Retention of human resources for health (HRH), particularly physicians and nurses in rural and remote areas, is a major problem in Bangladesh. We reviewed relevant policies and provisions in relation to HRH aiming to develop appropriate rural retention strategies in Bangladesh. Methods We conducted a document review, thorough search and review of relevant literature published from 1971 through May 2013, key informant interviews with policy elites (health policy makers, managers, researchers, etc.), and a roundtable discussion with key stakeholders and policy makers. We used the World Health Organization's (WHO's) guidelines as an analytical matrix to examine the rural retention policies under 4 domains, i) educational, ii) regulatory, iii) financial, and iv) professional and personal development, and 16 sub-domains. Results Over the past four decades, Bangladesh has developed and implemented a number of health-related policies and provisions concerning retention of HRH. The district quota system in admissions is in practice to improve geographical representation of the students. Students of special background including children of freedom fighters and tribal population have allocated quotas. In private medical and nursing schools, at least 5% of seats are allocated for scholarships. Medical education has a provision for clinical rotation in rural health facilities. Further, in the public sector, every newly recruited medical doctor must serve at least 2 years at the upazila level. To encourage serving in hard-to-reach areas, particularly in three Hill Tract districts of Chittagong division, the government provides an additional 33% of the basic salary, but not exceeding US$ 38 per month. This amount is not attractive enough, and such provision is absent for those working in other rural areas. Although the government has career development and promotion plans for doctors and nurses, these plans are often not clearly specified and not implemented effectively. Conclusion The government is committed to address the rural retention problem as shown through the formulation and implementation of related policies and strategies. However, Bangladesh needs more effective policies and provisions designed specifically for attraction, deployment, and retention of HRH in rural areas, and the execution of these policies and provisions must be monitored and evaluated effectively.

Background: Depression is a common disorder that can lead to suicidal behaviours among the geriatric population. Aim: We aimed to assess depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among the elderly population of Kashmir. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts of Kashmir between June and August 2019. The sample consisted of 200 persons aged >65 years. Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck's Hopelessness Scale, and the Beck Suicide Ideation scale were used to determine depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation. Pearson's correlation was performed to assess the relationships between depression, hopelessness, and suicide. Results: The prevalence of severe depression with a score of ⩾31 on Beck's Depression Inventory was 56% among the studied population. Most of these elderly were found to have moderate levels of suicidal ideation (62.5%) and hopelessness (61%). Depression had a positive correlation with suicidal ideation ( r = 0.35). Hopelessness and suicidal intent had a more significant positive correlation ( r = 0.54), as compared to depression and hopelessness ( r = 0.43). Conclusion: More than half of the older persons in Kashmir had depression with superimposed hopelessness which is an important risk factor of suicidal ideation.

BACKGROUND: The increasing burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Bangladesh underscores the importance of strengthening primary health care systems. In this study, we examined the barriers and facilitators to engaging Community Health Workers (CHWs) for NCDs prevention and control in Bangladesh. METHODS: We used multipronged approaches, including a. Situation analyses using a literature review, key personnel and stakeholders' consultative meetings, and exploratory studies. A grounded theory approach was used for qualitative data collection from health facilities across three districts in Bangladesh. We conducted in-depth interviews with CHWs (Health Inspector; Community Health Care Provider; Health Assistant and Health Supervisor) (n = 4); key informant interviews with central level health policymakers/ managers (n = 15) and focus group discussions with CHWs (4 FGDs; total n = 29). Participants in a stakeholder consultative meeting included members from the government (n = 4), non-government organisations (n = 2), private sector (n = 1) and universities (n = 2). Coding of the qualitative data and identification of themes from the transcripts were carried out and thematic approach was used for data analyses. RESULTS: The CHWs in Bangladesh deliver a wide range of public health programs. They also provide several NCDs specific services, including screening, provisional diagnosis, and health education and counselling for common NCDs, dispensing basic medications, and referral to relevant health facilities. These services are being delivered from the sub-district health facility, community clinics and urban health clinics. The participants identified key challenges and barriers, which include lack of NCD specific guidelines, inadequate training, excessive workload, inadequate systems-level support, and lack of logistics supplies and drugs. Yet, the facilitating factors to engaging CHWs included government commitment and program priority, development of NCD related policies and strategies, establishment of ...