Suchergebnisse

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused the Malaysian Government to take steps to implement the Movement Control Order (MCO) from 18th March 2020. According to Bank Negara Malaysia, the implementation of MCO affects the national income with the estimated economic growth of Malaysia in 2020 which is expected to be around -2% to 0.5%. The effect of MCO due to COVID-19 not only affects the macro level but at micro level as well, especially those group of household. The group of household who expected to face high economic risk and directly affect their consumption patterns during the implementation of MCO. This study will analyze the pattern of households' consumption in Malaysia based on different income groups which is B40 and M40 during the implementation of MCO due to the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that the household experienced change in daily consumption patterns after the implementation of MCO. In addition, due to insufficient savings causes the households to be very worried for their consumption if the MCO is further extended for 6 months.

As we know, nowadays financial sector is waking up the climate change. Therefore, the aim and novelty of the paper is to show the link between energy efficiency, sustainable economic growth, population and financial development in ASEAN 5 countries. Panel data analysis was employed and results shows that factors such as financial development, economic growth, population and renewable energy found to be important factors in influencing climate change in this study. Based on the results, increasing financial development, more energy use, high population and increasing economic growth will generate more CO2 emissions and cause climate change. Thus, there are several policies suggested to balance the relationship between financial development and the carbon emission levels and these policy implications should be considered and carried out by government and policy makers in order to improve the environmental quality in ASEAN countries. In conclusion, in the 5 ASEAN countries, financial growth plays an important role in waking up the issues of climate change. Many past literatures focused the impacts of renewable energy consumption, population, economic growth and foreign direct investment on climate change. Thus, this study narrows the gap that exists in literature.by focusing on financial development which able to foster vigorous economic growth especially in ASEAN countries. Overall, results from the fixed effect estimates show that financial development is significant factor and has a positive contribution towards climate change.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused the Malaysian Government to take several steps towards the implementation of Movement Control Order (MCO). According to Bank Negara Malaysia, the implementation of MCO affects the national income with the estimated economic growth of Malaysia in 2020 which is expected to be around -2% to 0.5%. The effects of MCO due to COVID-19 not only affects the macro level but at micro level as well, especially those group of households. The group of households were expected to face high economic risk and directly affect their consumption patterns during the implementation of MCO. This study will analyze the pattern of households' consumption in Malaysia based on different income groups which is B40 and M40 during the implementation of MCO due to the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that the groups of household experienced changes in daily consumption patterns after the implementation of MCO. In addition, due to insufficient savings, this has caused the households stay anxious of their consumption especially if the MCO is further extended for longer period.

Vulnerability means a sense of insecurity resulting from exposure to the threat of the effects of social and environmental changes. The inability to adapt to such changes puts external environmental pressures and uncertain risks on households and communities. The purpose of this study is to identify the multidimensional vulnerability factors of B40 households in the southern region of Kelantan. The respondents consist of 385 heads of B40 households. Data collection was conducted face-to-face through questionnaires. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis. The results of the study found that B40 households face multidimensional vulnerability in terms of economic, social/physical and environmental vulnerabilities. The three components of economic vulnerability factors are (1) job and source of income loss, (2) rising prices and production costs, and (3) lack of capital and marketing. Meanwhile, social/physical and environmental vulnerabilities are explained by one component factor only. In conclusion, B40 households in the southern region of Kelantan need to diversify their income portfolio and not rely on one source of income only. They also need to take precautions against seasonal and environmental changes that will threaten and affect their daily activities. This study can be expanded by using other multidimensional aspects of vulnerability, such as health, market, politics, demographics and agricultural vulnerabilities. The study may also involve M40 and T20 households as respondents for future studies.