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The inflexibility of poverty is being met with increasing impatience from governments of diverse ideologies, donors and other international agencies. Recent data compilations show that many poor and non-poor people in many developing countries face a high degree of financial exclusion and high barriers in access to finance. Therefore, financial inclusion plays a critical role in reducing poverty. Hence, this paper examines the relationship between sustainable financial services and poverty reduction in Nigeria from 1965-2010 using Error Correction Model (ECM). It was observed that total value prime lending rate, financial savings, credit to private sector and rate of inflation all have significant impact on the financial deepening. In the final analysis, the study concludes that financial inclusion tends to strengthen financial deepening and provide resources to the banks to expand credit delivery thereby leading to financial development. The study therefore recommends that these findings, in turn, will inform the policy makers and stakeholders to build more inclusive financial systems.

Yes ; This mini report on Nigeria is one of 13 case studies (all of the case studies can be found at www/bradford.ac.uk/cics). This research draws upon research studies, reports and evaluations commissioned by operational agencies, and survey data where this has been available. These sources have been complemented by interviews with government officers, aid policymakers and practitioners, and researchers. The analysis and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policy of DFID or the UK government.

1 Introduction / Sylvia Ojukutu-Macauley and Ismail Rashid. - 2 Rebellious subjects and citizens : writing subalterns into the history of Sierra Leone / Ismail Rashid. - 3 Clapping with one hand : the search for a gendered "province of freedom" in the historiography of Sierra Leone / Sylvia Ojukutu-Macauley. - 4 (Re) envisioning the African diaspora : historical memory and cross-fertilization in post-colonial Sierra Leone / Nemata Blyden. - 5 Historical memory, Pan-Africanism and national identity / • Tamba M'bayo. - 6 The Chalmers Commission and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Sierra Leone : official inquiries as historical memory / Lansana Gberie. - 7 Decolonization and the rise of Krio separatism / Gibril Cole. - 8 The roots of military praetorianism in Sierra Leone / Festus Cole. - 9 History and memory in contemporary Sierra Leone : re-inscribing fragments from an Atlantic past / Ibrahim Abdullah. - 10 History, memory and post-colonial Sierra Leone / Arthur Abraham. - 11 Sierra Leone at fifty : confronting old problems and preparing for new challenges / Yusuf Bangura. - 12 They hold up half the sky : prospects and challenges for Sierra Leonean women in the 21st century and beyond/ Sylvia Ojukutu-Macauley

One of the most important influences on battery safety, capacity, and cell ageing is heat generation and temperature inhomogeneity, which cause unbalanced ageing, resulting in cell performance decline. A well-developed temperature management module is required to avoid such undesirable actions. In this study, an air-cooled temperature management module was developed by coupling a unique heat sink of different pin-fin geometries/shapes to prismatic Li-ion cells and a 3D transient analysis was conducted to simulate the cooling performance of this heat sink under the effect of inlet airflow velocities and temperatures at a discharge rate of 2C for three cases. The results in the form of maximum temperature and temperature homogeneity inside the battery were derived and compared to the commonly used circular pin-fin heat sink. The overall result indicates that case 2, which consists of uniform height, shows better promise than others, taking into consideration the geometry employed. After 600 s and at a constant inlet air velocity of 0.412 m/s across a range of 20 oC to 35 oC, it was found that this heat sink performed better, providing an average of 1.87% and 1.93% improvement in temperature homogeneity and battery maximum temperature, respectively. Also, at a constant inlet air temperature of 27 oC across the range of inlet air velocity of 0.206 m/s to 0.824 m/s, this heat sink provides an average of 1.77% and 0.27% improvement in temperature homogeneity and battery maximum temperature, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-04-013 Full Text: PDF