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As a result of the active implementation of digital technologies in all spheres of social life, both international and national legal mechanisms aiming at ensuring the support for the security of the information space stand out in the foreground. The existing legal mechanisms provide for the improvement and harmonization of the legal framework in the field of information security at the national and international levels. In this context, the idea of digital sovereignty determines the use of legal mechanisms that ensure the protection of information security. Due to this faction, a comprehensive study of the general patterns of functioning and development of international legal mechanisms for ensuring information security within the framework of the UN is particularly appropriate, relevant and requires a detailed analysis. The article addresses the analysis and study of UN legal mechanisms in the field of ensuring information security. The purpose of the scientific work is a comprehensive study of the general patterns of functioning and development of international legal mechanisms for ensuring information security within the framework of the UN and the development of scientifically based proposals and recommendations regarding the effective operation of these mechanisms in international and national legal orders (legal systems). The methodological basis of scientific research is general scientific and special legal methods. In particular, a systematic approach, a generalization method, and a systematic analysis were used in the process of scientific research. In the course of the study, there were analyzed: the peculiarities of the functioning of the institutional and legal mechanism of information protection within the framework of UN coordination in the context of the multi-vector system of international security and legal regulation of international cooperation. The article substantiates the expediency of developing an integrated, coordinated information policy of international organizations and institutions with the aim of unifying approaches to ensuring information security. Also, the work summarizes the main problems arising in the international legal regulation of the fight in the field of ensuring information security, and the main threats to international peace and security in the information space, and suggests as well ways to solve them. In this context, the work summarizes the principles of international information security, highlights the main trends in the development of cyber threats in the modern information space and measures necessary for their neutralization. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the functioning of the institutional and legal mechanism of cyber protection in the context of the legislative regulation of international cooperation between international organizations and institutions. In particular, an analysis of the main mechanisms of legal support for cyber protection of the information space was carried out with the aim of their integration into a unified international system of the legal information field. As a result of the study, recommendations were formed. In the field of ensuring information security at the national and international levels, it is necessary to continue and expand activities to create conditions for the formation of an international information security system based on generally recognized principles and norms of international law. In particular, at the UN level, it is necessary to prepare and adopt international legal acts regulating the application of the principles and norms of international law in the field of the use of information and communication technologies. Since there is no single global act that regulates the procedure for combating information threats, in this context, the task of developing the UN Convention on International Information Security is very important. The document should: identify the main threats to international peace and security in the information space; determine the main principles of ensuring international information security; prescribe in detail the principles of international cooperation in the fight against crimes in the information sphere; determine effective and efficient mechanisms of legal responsibility in the information space up to the creation of a special international body for the investigation of crimes in the information sphere.

Exceptions and limitations are an integral part of any effective copyright systems, they play a crucial role in striking a fair balance between the interests of the creators and rightholders, on the one hand, and those of the users of the protected works, on the other. The exceptions and limitations serve to secure such fundamental values as freedom of expression and information, freedom of art, science, research and education. Since the exceptions and limitations are not fully harmonised in the European Union, the lack of legal certainty is being cured by the caselaw of the Court of Justice. The role of the Court preliminary rulings in interpreting the relevant legal provisions and providing clarifications as to their application cannot be overemphasised. Moreover, in recent cases the Court of Justice considered the exceptions and limitations to copyright in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights and the settled caselaw of the European Court of Human Rights. Therefore, it is an opportunity for us to observe the growing attention of the Court of Justice to the human rights and fundamental freedoms protected by the European Convention.

The paper discusses the relationship between the cross-border labour mobility and diffusion of ecoinnovative technologies. Based on the interview surveys the authors found the main directions of circle impact of cross-border cooperation, eco-innovation and open labour markets. The analysis also showed the most important restrictions fordiffusion of eco-innovations in Ukraine and their effect on cross-border labour mobility.

This article explores types of European semi-presidentialism and outlines the powers of political institutions and actors and the peculiarities of relations between them in the triangle president–prime minister/cabinet–parliament. Semi-presidentialism can be embodied in the forms of both unified or divided, as well as majority or minority systems and their derivatives. Accordingly, the logics, functionality and dynamics of European semi-presidentialism depend both on constitutional norms, as well as political practice. The research also focuses on the updated and expanded taxonomy of semi-presidentialism based on the peculiarities of dualism, party affiliation, responsibility of the executive and the composition of legislatures. In particular, we argued that semi-presidentialism should be classified within the logics of the fully or partly unified majority systems, fully or partly unified minority systems, divided majority systems and divided minority systems, which provide various political implications. Keywords: semi-presidentialism, executive dualism, party affiliation, responsibility of the executive, composition of legislature, unified and divided systems, majority and minority systems