[ES] El presente trabajo de fin de máster tiene el objetivo de establecer un procedimiento para las operaciones de carga, descarga y transporte de maquinaria en la delegación de Guillermo García Muñoz, situada en Jaén. Las operaciones de elevación y manejo de cargas ocasionan un gran número de accidentes graves y mortales todos los años. Aunque en un primer análisis pudiera parecer que se trata de riesgos asociados al sector industrial, están presentes en casi todas las actividades económicas, al formar parte de los procesos de fabricación, transporte, mantenimiento o reparación.
This paper takes the debate about the reinforcement and mobilization effects of the Internet to an area that has yet to be explored under this framework: party activism. It asks whether the Internet is modifying existing patterns of member participation and mobilization ¿ i.e., of activism -- within parties. To explore this question and test for reinforcement and mobilization in party activism it uses an online survey to party activists of four Catalan parties (PSC, CDC, ERC, IC-V) that together represent more than 80% of the vote in national and regional elections. The analysis finds some support for the mobilization hypothesis. In contrast to traditional forms of party activism, Internet tends to mobilize party members who are frequent Internet users, who have approached the party through the net, who live in large municipalities and who have strong preferences in the issue of national identity. ; Aquest article porta el debat sobre els efectes de reforçament i la mobilització d¿Internet a una àrea que encara no s'ha explorat en aquest marc: l'activisme dels partits polítics. Això fa que ens preguntem si Internet està modificant els patrons existents de participació i mobilització dels membres (i, per exemple, l¿activisme) dins dels partits. Per analitzar aquesta qüestió i comprovar el reforçament i la mobilització en l'activisme dels partits s¿utilitza una enquesta en línia per a activistes dels quatre partits catalans (PSC, CDC, ERC, IC-V) que en conjunt representen més del 80% dels vots en les eleccions nacionals i regionals. L'anàlisi revela algun suport a la hipòtesi de la mobilització. En contrast amb les formes tradicionals de l¿activisme de partits, Internet tendeix a mobilitzar els membres del partit que són usuaris freqüents d'Internet, els quals s'han acostat al partit a través de la xarxa, viuen en municipis grans i tenen fortes preferències en el tema de la identitat nacional. ; Este artículo abre el debate sobre los efectos de reforzamiento y movilización de Internet en un área que todavía no se ha explorado en este marco: el activismo de los partidos políticos. Esto hace que nos preguntamos si Internet está modificando los patronos existentes de participación y movilización de los miembros (y, por ejemplo, el activismo) dentro de los partidos. Para analizar esta cuestión y comprobar el r reforzamiento y la movilización en el activismo de los partidos políticos se ha usado una encuesta en línea para activistas de los cuatro partidos catalanes (PSC, CDC, ERC, IC-V) que en conjunto representan más del 80% de los votos en las elecciones nacionales y regionales. El análisis revela algún soporte a la hipótesis de la movilización. En contraste con las formas tradicionales del activismo de partidos, Internet tiende a movilizar los miembros del partido que son usuarios frecuentes de Internet, los que se han acercado al partido a través de la red, viven en municipios grandes y tienen fuertes preferencias en el tema de la identidad nacional.
Este artículo contrasta la hipótesis de la igualación a nivel del voto.Numerosos estudios han analizado si Internet está nivelando el campode juego de la competición electoral al ofrecer a los partidos pequeñosoportunidades para aumentar su visibilidad. Para testar la infl uencia deluso de Internet en el voto, se analiza el comportamiento de los votantesde ERC. Haciendo uso de datos de encuesta, testamos si la exposicióna información política online ha tenido algún efecto en su opción devoto. Los resultados muestran que la exposición a la campaña onlineaumenta la probabilidad de votar a Solidaritat Catalana respecto a votarde nuevo por ERC. El análisis apoya la idea de que Internet actúa comoun entorno mediático diferenciado donde los mensajes políticoscompiten en términos de mayor igualdad.
Accurate assessment of soil loss is essential for sustainable agricultural production, management and conservation planning, especially in productive rain-fed agro-ecosystems and protected areas. The European Union considers soil as a non-renewable resource and identifies that soil degradation has strong impacts on soil and water resources. In this work the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model was applied within a geographic information system in the Estaña catchment (Spanish Pre-Pyrenees) as representative of a Mediterranean agro-ecosystem to elaborate a map of soil erosion at high spatial resolution (5 x 5 m of cell size). The soil erodibility factor (K) is calculated from three different approaches to evaluate the importance of spatial variations in soil texture, field infiltration measurements (Kfs) and amount of coarse fragments. The average value of estimated soil loss for the whole study area is 2.3 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and the highest rates are estimated in crops in steep areas (5.8 Mg ha-1 yr-1) and trails (18.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1). Cultivated soils with high soil erosion rates (higher than 8 Mg ha-1 yr-1) represent 20% of the cultivated area. The average value of soil loss in areas with human disturbances (4.21 Mg ha-1 yr-1) is 4.4 times higher than that estimated for areas with natural vegetation (0.96 Mg ha-1 yr-1). Field validation with 137Cs shows that the estimated value of soil loss in barley fields with the K-Kfs-rocks factor improves the model predictions in comparison with those obtained with the K-texture and K-Kfs factors. The RUSLE model predicts a decrease in soil erosion in fields in accordance with the increase of the age of abandonment. Predicted values of soil erosion and measured soil organic matter and stoniness in old abandoned fields agree with those in areas of natural forest and indicate the recovery of the original conditions of the soil. Statistical analysis highlights that the C factor contributes most of the variability of the values of predicted soil erosion, the K and LS factors contribute in a similar way and the P factor contributes least to the variability of soil erosion. Cultivated soils developed over clay materials in high slope areas are the most susceptible to soil degradation processes in comparison with soils developed over limestones in gentle and medium slope areas. The recovery of terraces in steep fields and conservation of crop residues are proposed as soil conservation practices to reduce the magnitude of soil loss in the study area. ; This research was financially supported by the following project: "Soil erosion and carbon dynamic in Mediterranean agroecosystems: radioisotopic modelling at different spatial and temporal scales" (MEDEROCAR, CGL2008-00831/BTE) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. ; Peer reviewed
This article explores whether use of the Internet changes the role that political motivation has traditionally played in classic explanations of participation. We ask if, by reducing so dramatically the costs of political participation, the Internet causes interest in politics to lose importance as a causal factor of participation. We examine this issue analysing a representative survey of the Spanish population which deals with political participation and Internet use. The results show that use of Internet has a direct effect on participation independently of motivation, and that, in order to participate online, skilled Internet users do not need to be motivated or interested in politics.
We analyze patterns of digital news consumption before and after a 'link tax' was introduced in Spain. This new legislation imposed a copyright fee for showing snippets of content created by newspapers and resulted in the shutdown of Google News Spain. The Spanish copyright law is a precedent to the Copyright Directive currently submitted to the European Parliament, which is planning to impose a similar 'link tax'. We offer empirical evidence that can help evaluate the impact of that sort of intervention. We analyze data tracking news consumption behavior to assess changes in audience reach and audience fragmentation. We show that the law has no discernible impact on reach, but we identify an increase in the fragmentation of news consumption.
In this paper we aim to investigate the relationship between Internet use, motivation and political participation. In particular, we aim to find out if, by reducing participation costs, use of the Internet changes the importance of motivation in the classic explanations of participation. In order to explore this question, we have used data from survey 2736 by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), which addresses the issue of political participation and Internet use. The analysis shows that Internet use has a direct impact on participation, regardless of motivation, and that skilled Internet users do not need to be motivated or interested in politics in order to participate in at least one online political activity. ; El objetivo de este artículo es investigar la relación entre el uso de Internet, la motivación y la participación política. En concreto nos interesa descubrir si el uso de Internet cambia la importancia que se da a la motivación política en las explicaciones clásicas de la participación. Para examinar esta cuestión, se ha empleado la encuesta 2736 del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) que versa sobre participación política y usos de Internet. Los análisis muestran que el uso de Internet tiene un efecto positivo sobre la participación, independientemente del interés por la política, y que los usuarios de Internet que son habilidosos con este medio no necesitan estar motivados o interesados en la política para participar al menos en una actividad política por Internet.
29 Pags., 3 Tabls., 6 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783774 ; Hydrological and soil erosion models allow mapping and quantifying rates of runoff depths and soil redistribution for different land uses and climatic scenarios. Mediterranean soils are threatened by marked seasonal changes in the climatic, thus soil and vegetation parameters and modelling predictions at monthly scale are required. The semi-physically-based Soil Erosion and Redistribution Tool (SERT) model is presented together with the results of its application in a Mediterranean agro-ecosystem (NE Spain) with a detailed database. The hydrological module is based on the recently published DR2 (Distributed Rainfall-Runoff) water balance model and the effects of man-made infrastructures on the natural dynamics of runoff connectivity are added. The erosion module is built using, as the basis, the Revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney model, and the new Remaining runoff Transport Capacity (TCr) factor used to estimate the rates of soil loss and deposition. Predicted runoff depth varied in time and space, presenting areas without runoff production mainly in Rendzic Leptosols and Haplic Calcisols between November and April. Average soil erosion was high in cultivated and bare soils, ca. 20 and 10 Mg ha–1 yr–1, whereas rangeland soils were affected by moderate and, in some areas, by limited erosion processes. Soil erosion was minimal in February (0.08 Mg ha–1 month–1 on average) and 23 times higher in October. The SERT model allowed mapping the significant changes in the monthly values of soil redistribution quantifying the variability in the magnitude of the processes involved. Predicted values of average soil loss and deposition were validated against quantified values with 137Cs obtaining an average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.48 (Pearson's r = 0.709) and a sediment balance of -1.15 Mg yr–1 for the whole catchment that is consistent with the karst processes of the study area. The new model is an easy-to-run, reliable, low-input-demanding management tool with valuable outputs for hydrological and soil erosion studies in small agricultural catchments. ; This research was funded by the Projects "Erosion and redistribution of soils and nutrients in Mediterranean agroecosystems: radioisotopic tracers of sources and sinks and modelling of scenarios (EROMED) (CGL2011-25486/BTE)" of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (former Ministry of Science and Innovation) and "Mitigation of siltation of the Estaña Lakes Wetlands (Huesca, Spain) under different scenarios of climate change: soil and water trapping effectiveness of the "green areas" of the new CAP (Expedient number 2012 GA LC 034)" of the Regional Government of Aragón (Spain) and Obra Social "la Caixa". ; Peer reviewed
27 Pags., 5 Tabls., 8 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://www.jswconline.org/ ; Assessment of the spatial distribution of soil properties has achieved considerable interest among soil scientists, both for testing hypotheses about soil formation processes and for predicting the properties of soils at nonsampled locations (mapping). In this paper, we provide a discussion of the various approaches to the modeling of spatial variates, and we propose a modeling framework that is able to incorporate the most important effects usually found in spatial variates, including fixed and random spatial effects, spatial trends, and heteroscedasticity. We provide a case study of the analysis of eight soil properties in a mountain catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees. As explanatory covariates, we use several topography parameters, which can be related to the pedogenetic processes active in the area. Several of them proved useful for explaining the variability of soil properties, explaining up to 77% of their variance. We focus on the importance of model selection in order to determine which effects are relevant for modeling each soil parameter. We find that the full model is not necessarily optimal for all the variables tested and that the model should be adapted to the complexity of each individual case. This paper is a contribution to the discussion on the modeling of spatial variates and to the eventual development of a general theory of spatial variates. ; This work has been supported by the following research projects: EROMED (CGL2011-25486) and DISDROSPEC (CGL2011–24185) financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology (CICYT) and FEDER, ChangingRISKS (OPE00446/PIM2010ECR-00726) financed by EU ERA-NET CIRCLE Programme, and Grupo de Excelencia E68 financed by the Aragón Government. Research of M. A.-M. is supported by a research grant from the Spanish National Research Council (JAE-Predoc, CSIC). ; Peer reviewed
Purpose: Sediment delivery from headwater catchments to reservoirs is a serious threat to reservoir sustainability, and is a critical issue in Mediterranean environments where water resources are scarce. In this study we assessed the consequences of two landscape management scenarios (natural vegetation recovery and scrub clearance) on soil erosion and sediment yield. The results were analyzed in relation to predicted and measured rates of soil erosion and sediment yield, with the aim of promoting better management practices. Materials and methods: The study area was the Arnás River catchment (284 ha), which is located in the central Spanish Pyrenees; the area includes abandoned and poorly managed fields. The combination of the RUSLE and SEDD models of soil erosion and sediment delivery was evaluated in terms of its ability to predict annual rates of sediment yield, using field measurement data for seven water years at the gauging station. The consequences of natural plant succession in other areas of the Spanish Pyrenees, and scrub clearance practices implemented by certain regional governments to increase grazing meadow areas and reduce the incidence of wildfires, were spatially analyzed using GIS. The main sediment source areas were identified and their specific and total sediment yield rates were calculated. Results and discussion: The predicted soil loss under existing conditions was 2.6 Mg ha–1 yr–1, with 5% of the surface area affected by rates greater than 2 tons. The measured sediment yield (SY) range was 69–534 Mg yr–1. The maximum SY detected was associated with an extraordinary debris flow. The predicted rates were strongly correlated to measured rates (Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient = 0.72). The main sources of were alluvial deposits (Specific Sediment Yield = 51 Mg ha–1 yr–1), bare soil (SSY = 12), unpaved trails (SSY = 11), lots (SSY = 4) and pastures (SSY = 1). Under a scenario of vegetation recovery, decreases of 3, 17 and 16% in soil loss, and sediment delivery and yield (respectively) are predicted, whereas increases of 15, 5 and 2% are predicted following scrub clearance practices. Conclusions: Coupling the RUSLE and SEDD models enabled estimation of annual values of soil erosion and delivery in monitored and unmonitored catchments of small and medium size, making this approach a useful tool for risk analysis. Management practices that combine fire-risk control, by the implementation of scrub clearance practices, with the effects of plant succession on the sediment production are suggested as the best management strategy. ; Acknowledgements: This research was financially supported by the projects: "Soil erosion and carbon dynamic in Mediterranean agroecosystems: radioisotopic modelling at different spatial and temporal scales" (MEDEROCAR, CGL2008-00831/BTE), and "Processes and sediment balances at different spatial scales in Mediterranean environments: Effects of climate fluctuations and land use changes" (PROBASE, CGL2006-11619/HID), both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Monitoring of the catchment was supported by an agreement between the CSIC and the Spanish Ministry of Environment (RESEL). ; Peer reviewed
For years a literature on the uses that political parties make of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been developed. It is a rapidly increasing, rich, and interesting field in the forefront of the investigation in political science. Generally, these works start from the expectation that the ICTs have a regenerative potential for liberal democracies and for the political parties as well. In developed societies, political parties have experienced some transformations that have leaded them to an increasing divorce with the public. This divorce is shown by the decay of party adscription and membership, and also by the decay of the conventional political participation. In the theoretical discussion this situation has been described as ¿the crisis of the democracy¿ (Norris, 1999). According to the more radically oriented scholars this crisis reflects the incapacities of liberal democracies. In this sense, ICTs suppose a great opportunity to surpass the representative institutions and to institutionalize new forms of direct democracy. More moderate scholars have considered that ICTs offer the opportunity for ¿renaissance¿ for representative institutions, as they can reinforce the bonds between the public and its representatives.
14 Pags., 3 Tabls., 9 Figs. ; Soil erosion and sediment yield are strongly affected by land use/land cover (LULC). Spatially distributed erosion models are of great interest to assess the expected effect of LULC changes on soil erosion and sediment yield. However, they can only be applied if spatially distributed data is available for their calibration. In this study the soil erosion and sediment delivery model WATEM/SEDEM was applied to a small (2.84 km2) experimental catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Model calibration was performed based on a dataset of soil redistribution rates derived from point 137Cs inventories, allowing capture differences per land use in the main model parameters. Model calibration showed a good convergence to a global optimum in the parameter space, which was not possible to attain if only external (not spatially distributed) sediment yield data were available. Validation of the model results against seven years of recorded sediment yield at the catchment outlet was satisfactory. Two LULC scenarios were then modeled to reproduce land use at the beginning of the twentieth century and a hypothetic future scenario, and to compare the simulation results to the current LULC situation. The results show a reduction of about one order of magnitude in gross erosion (3180 to 350 Mg yr−1) and sediment delivery (11.2 to 1.2 Mg yr−1 ha−1) during the last decades as a result of the abandonment of traditional land uses (mostly agriculture) and subsequent vegetation recolonization. The simulation also allowed assessing differences in the sediment sources and sinks within the catchment. ; This work has been supported by the following research projects: MEDEROCAR (CGL2008-00831/BTE), EROMED (CGL2011-25486), and DISDROSPEC (CGL2011- 24185), financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology (CICYT) and FEDER, ChangingRISKS (OPE00446/PIM2010ECR-00726), financed by EU ERA-NET CIRCLE Programme, and Grupo de Excelencia E68 financed by the Arag´on Government and FEDER. The research of M. A.-M. Contribution of L.-C. A. was made possible through a scholarship granted by The National Council for Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT). ; Peer reviewed
