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This paper analyses the effect of macroeconomic and social conditions on the demand for redistribution. Using a synthetic cohort design to generate panel data at the level of socio-demographic groups, analysis of fives waves of data from the European Social Survey (2002–2010) shows that differences across countries in macroeconomic and social conditions have an effect on the demand for redistribution. Consistent with theoretical expectations, economic growth generates a lower demand for redistribution, while higher income inequality generates a higher demand. By contrast, differences across countries in unemployment levels and social expenditure are unrelated to the demand for redistribution. The analysis also suggests that empirical results depend to a considerable extent on the assumptions underlying different methodological approaches.

Research on family background and educational success focuses almost exclusively on two generations: parents and children. This study argues that the extended family contributes significantly to the total effect of family background on educational success. Analyses using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study show that, net of family factors shared by siblings from the same immediate family, factors shared by first cousins account for a nontrivial part of the total variance in children's educational success. Results also show that grandparents', aunts', and uncles' socioeconomic characteristics have few direct effects on educational success. Furthermore, resources in the extended family compensate for lacking resources in low-SES families, which in turn promote children's educational success. The main conclusion is that the total effect of family background on educational success originates in the immediate family, the extended family, and in interactions between these two family environments.

I denne artikel undersøger vi en række forhold omkring Thomas Højrups livsformsanalyse. For det første undersøger vi, om livsformerne kan spores empirisk i den danske befolkning. For det andet undersøger vi forandringer i livsformernes kvantitative udbredelse i Danmark i perioden 1981-2005. For det tredje efterprøver vi Højrups hypotese om livsformscentrisme, som tilsiger, at individer er bærere af én og ikke flere livsformer. Vores empiriske analyse viser følgende: (1) vi kan identificere en lønarbejder- og karriereorientering i den danske befolkning, (2) lønarbejderorienteringen er blevet mindre udbredt i perioden 1981-2005 og karriereorienteringen er blevet mere udbredt, (3) der er kun sket små forandringer i livsformsorienteringer inden for forskellige beskæftigelsesgrupper på arbejdsmarkedet og (4) individer kan godt på samme tid være bærere af både lønarbejder- og karriere-livsformen.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Anders Holm & Mads Meier Jæger:
Life Modes in Denmark: Extent and Development Tendencies 1981-2005

This paper analyzes several hypotheses in Thomas Højrup's life mode analysis. First, we examine if the different life modes can be traced empirically in the Danish population. Second, we analyze trends in the quantitative size of the different life modes in the period 1981-2005. Third, we test Højrup's claim that individuals can belong to only one life mode. We find the following empirical results: (1) we identify a wage-earner and career-oriented life mode; (2) the wage-earner life mode has become less prevalent in the period 1981-2005, while the career-oriented life mode has become more prevalent; (3) there have been only minor changes in life mode orientations within different occupational groupings over time; and (4) individuals can belong to both life mode orientations at the same time.

Key words: Life mode analysis, work values, latent class analysis.

Mads Meier Jæger og Anders Holm: Money, education, connections or brains? Testing the meaning of four parent resources for youth choice of education in Denmark

The aim of this article is to analyse the effect of four types of social resources on young people's educational choice. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of "capital", we distinguish four types of capital: economic, cultural, social, and cognitive, which are hypothesised to affect intergenerational educational mobility in different ways. Data comes from a longitudinal study of young people carried out by the Danish National Institute of Social Research, in which persons born in 1954 were interviewed about their own situation and about the educational choices of their oldest child. The empirical analysis is divided into two parts. In the first part, using multiple indicators and confirmatory factor analysis, we find that the four types of capital are clearly identified in the data, and that the four types of capital are significantly and positively correlated. The second part of the empirical analysis evaluates the effect of the four types of parental capital on young people's educational choice, net of several control variables. For this analysis, we employ the multinomial logit model with a non-parametric estimator of random effects to capture individual heterogeneity. The analysis suggests that (especially) parental cultural capital is a strong predictor of selection to academically oriented tertiary education. Furthermore, we find that social capital is particularly important in selection of vocational education. Finally, parental economic capital and cognitive capital do not affect educational chances, but growing up with a single mother decreases the probability of obtaining university-level qualifications significantly.

Abstract Although contemporary comparative welfare state research has advanced our knowledge of how welfare states respond to exogenous and endogenous pressures, the nature and implications of these pressures themselves on post‐industrial societies remains somewhat unknown. In the research literature phenomena such as globalization, Europeanization, demographics, individualization and changing labour markets are often claimed to put considerable pressure on welfare states. We analyse which of the alleged pressures are real "crises" or "challenges" to welfare states and which pressures should only be considered as "controversies"—phenomena whose impacts are nonsignificant, ambiguous, or have not been asserted. We suggest that pressures on post‐industrial societies may not, as is commonly believed, be countered with retrenchment and restructuring of welfare states. In fact, some pressures seem to call for more rather than less welfare state.