Suchergebnisse

Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the "palace" of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) "palace" of the Teutonic Order's superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the "Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)". This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allowed for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. ; Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the "palace" of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) "palace" of the Teutonic Order's superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the "Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)". This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. ; Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the "palace" of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) "palace" of the Teutonic Order's superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the "Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)". This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected.

Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the "palace" of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) "palace" of the Teutonic Order's superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the "Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)". This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allowed for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. ; Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the "palace" of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) "palace" of the Teutonic Order's superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the "Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)". This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected. ; Nomenclature and intended use of the rooms of the southern (representative) part of the upper floor of the "palace" of Grand Masters in the Marienburg Castle in the Middle Ages on the basis of written sources The analyses carried out in this article concerning the southern part of the upper floor of the new (second) "palace" of the Teutonic Order's superiors in the late Middle Ages allow to formulate several important conclusions. First of all, the building certainly existed before 11 September 1392, but it cannot be ruled out that it was erected at the beginning of the 1370s. In the fifteenth-century sources, its entire southern representative part (looking from the so-called Low and High Halls) along with five rooms of different sizes located there, were referred to as the "Summer (or, less often, Winter) chamber (gemach)". This name comes from the most characteristic interiors located there: the "Summer Refectory" / "Great Summer Hall" in the western part and the Winter Refectory in the central part. The thorough analysis of medieval written sources carried out in this article allows for the formulation of the thesis that the chamber located in the easternmost part of the southern part of the "palace", supported by two columns, should be identified as the "Minor Summer Hall" (aula minor estivalis), which was recorded in the transumpt of 14 May 1456. Thus, all the suggestions concerning this interior and its supposed intended use in the discussed period, hitherto put forward by the researchers who have so far formulated their conclusions in isolation from the written accounts of the period, should be rejected.

Nowa Nieszawa, lokowana nad Wisłą na pograniczu polsko-krzyżackim po 1423 roku, jawi się jako prężnie rozwijający się pod względem gospodarczym i politycznym ośrodek miejski. Dzięki swojej lokalizacji na trasie niezwykle istotnego szlaku handlowego, a także w najbliższym sąsiedztwie państwa krzyżackiego przyciągała przedsiębiorcze jednostki, przede wszystkim kupców i rzemieślników różnej narodowości, a także zbiegów z pobliskiego państwa krzyżackiego. Funkcjonowanie Nowej Nieszawy jest tym bardziej godne zainteresowania, że pozycja tego ośrodka ukształtowała się w dość ograniczonych ramach czasowych: jego lokację od zrównania z ziemią dzielił odstęp nieco mniej niż czterech dekad. Należy jednak podkreślić, że swój fenomen Nieszawa zawdzięczała przede wszystkim niezwykle korzystnej lokalizacji na pograniczu dwóch państw. Nowa Nieszawa, chartered on the Vistula river on the Polish and Teutonic border after 1423, seems to have been a rapidly growing town in economic and political terms. Its location along an extremely important trade route as well as in the direct vicinity of the State of the Teutonic Order, caused that Nowa Nieszawa attracted enterprising individuals mostly merchants and craftsmen of various ethnic backgrounds as well as fugitives from the nearby Teutonic Order's State. The functioning of Nowa Nieszawa is all the more worthy of attention as the position and importance of this town was formed in quite a constrained timeframe: the time span between granting the town with the charter and razing it to the ground took a little less than four decades. There is no doubt, that Nieszawa's phenomenon is a result of favourable location the city on the border between the two countries.

Nowa Nieszawa, lokowana nad Wisłą na pograniczu polsko-krzyżackim po 1423 roku, jawi się jako prężnie rozwijający się pod względem gospodarczym i politycznym ośrodek miejski. Dzięki swojej lokalizacji na trasie niezwykle istotnego szlaku handlowego, a także w najbliższym sąsiedztwie państwa krzyżackiego przyciągała przedsiębiorcze jednostki, przede wszystkim kupców i rzemieślników różnej narodowości, a także zbiegów z pobliskiego państwa krzyżackiego. Funkcjonowanie Nowej Nieszawy jest tym bardziej godne zainteresowania, że pozycja tego ośrodka ukształtowała się w dość ograniczonych ramach czasowych: jego lokację od zrównania z ziemią dzielił odstęp nieco mniej niż czterech dekad. Należy jednak podkreślić, że swój fenomen Nieszawa zawdzięczała przede wszystkim niezwykle korzystnej lokalizacji na pograniczu dwóch państw. Nowa Nieszawa, chartered on the Vistula river on the Polish and Teutonic border after 1423, seems to have been a rapidly growing town in economic and political terms. Its location along an extremely important trade route as well as in the direct vicinity of the State of the Teutonic Order, caused that Nowa Nieszawa attracted enterprising individuals mostly merchants and craftsmen of various ethnic backgrounds as well as fugitives from the nearby Teutonic Order's State. The functioning of Nowa Nieszawa is all the more worthy of attention as the position and importance of this town was formed in quite a constrained timeframe: the time span between granting the town with the charter and razing it to the ground took a little less than four decades. There is no doubt, that Nieszawa's phenomenon is a result of favourable location the city on the border between the two countries.

The chronology of construction and floor plan of the Teutonic Order's castle in Barten (Barciany) in the light of medieval written sources The first wood-and-earth stronghold in Barten (Barciany) (its exact location is unknown) was constructed in 1325. In the late 1340s the stronghold was the seat of vogt, and in the early 1350s – a Teutonic Order's procurator (pfleger) subject to the authority of the Brandenburg commanders. The construction of a brick castle in Barten was initiated in 1377. From the very beginning it was planned to be a regular four-sided stronghold with at least three wings of representative, residential and economic role. The intensive work on its construction was carried out during 1383 and 1384. The east wing – the main one – was finished by 1387, while the construction of the north wing was still in progress and lasted probably until 1395, undoubtedly as a result of the promotion of Barten to the rank of the commander's convent (in 1394-1395). Despite this, the north wing never reached the planned height, and the construction of the other two was not even begun in the Middle Ages. Perhaps also in the mid-1390s the building of outer bailey was launched on the east side of the castle (nothing is known about its appearance). From1396 the Barten castle once again became the seat of a Teutonic Order's procurators, who, depending on the administrative reforms carried out at that time in this part of the Teutonic Order's State, were subordinate to either Rhein or Brandenburg commanders. The round tower, the only one that exists today, was probably erected only after 1410.

Nowa Nieszawa, lokowana nad Wisłą na pograniczu polsko-krzyżackim po 1423 roku, jawi się jako prężnie rozwijający się pod względem gospodarczym i politycznym ośrodek miejski. Dzięki swojej lokalizacji na trasie niezwykle istotnego szlaku handlowego, a także w najbliższym sąsiedztwie państwa krzyżackiego przyciągała przedsiębiorcze jednostki, przede wszystkim kupców i rzemieślników różnej narodowości, a także zbiegów z pobliskiego państwa krzyżackiego. Funkcjonowanie Nowej Nieszawy jest tym bardziej godne zainteresowania, że pozycja tego ośrodka ukształtowała się w dość ograniczonych ramach czasowych: jego lokację od zrównania z ziemią dzielił odstęp nieco mniej niż czterech dekad. Należy jednak podkreślić, że swój fenomen Nieszawa zawdzięczała przede wszystkim niezwykle korzystnej lokalizacji na pograniczu dwóch państw. Nowa Nieszawa, chartered on the Vistula river on the Polish and Teutonic border after 1423, seems to have been a rapidly growing town in economic and political terms. Its location along an extremely important trade route as well as in the direct vicinity of the State of the Teutonic Order, caused that Nowa Nieszawa attracted enterprising individuals mostly merchants and craftsmen of various ethnic backgrounds as well as fugitives from the nearby Teutonic Order's State. The functioning of Nowa Nieszawa is all the more worthy of attention as the position and importance of this town was formed in quite a constrained timeframe: the time span between granting the town with the charter and razing it to the ground took a little less than four decades. There is no doubt, that Nieszawa's phenomenon is a result of favourable location the city on the border between the two countries.

The chronology of construction and floor plan of the Teutonic Order's castle in Barten (Barciany) in the light of medieval written sources The first wood-and-earth stronghold in Barten (Barciany) (its exact location is unknown) was constructed in 1325. In the late 1340s the stronghold was the seat of vogt, and in the early 1350s – a Teutonic Order's procurator (pfleger) subject to the authority of the Brandenburg commanders. The construction of a brick castle in Barten was initiated in 1377. From the very beginning it was planned to be a regular four-sided stronghold with at least three wings of representative, residential and economic role. The intensive work on its construction was carried out during 1383 and 1384. The east wing – the main one – was finished by 1387, while the construction of the north wing was still in progress and lasted probably until 1395, undoubtedly as a result of the promotion of Barten to the rank of the commander's convent (in 1394-1395). Despite this, the north wing never reached the planned height, and the construction of the other two was not even begun in the Middle Ages. Perhaps also in the mid-1390s the building of outer bailey was launched on the east side of the castle (nothing is known about its appearance). From1396 the Barten castle once again became the seat of a Teutonic Order's procurators, who, depending on the administrative reforms carried out at that time in this part of the Teutonic Order's State, were subordinate to either Rhein or Brandenburg commanders. The round tower, the only one that exists today, was probably erected only after 1410.