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Law is an adversarial business--it can be difficult to find ways of successfully practicing while also providing balance and well-being to your clients and yourself. Law practice can focus on a more holistic, humanistic, solution-based approach to resolving legal problems, an approach that many clients want and need

J. Kim Munholland, The French army and intervention in Southern Russia, 1918-1919.
At the end of World War I French troops landed in southern Russia to support anti-Bolshevik military and political movements in the Ukraine and the Crimea. The French military expedition failed to achieve its objective, however, due to local conditions that prevailed in the region. French military leaders quickly became disillusioned by internal quarrels within the anti-Bolshevik forces that prevented effective collaboration against Bolshevik pressures, and they particularly criticized the Volunteer army for its arrogance toward local population. Strong, anti-foreign feeling among the people of the Ukraine convinced French officers that intervention in a climate of hostility was doomed without massive support. When the French government failed to supply enough equipment and manpower for extensive military operations, the French army faced defeat at the hands of pro-Bolshevik forces and counselled withdrawal of the expedition from Odessa and the Crimea. Military considerations had a decisive influence upon the decision to terminate active intervention and to turn instead to a policy of quarantine toward the Bolshevik regime and indirect aid to the anti-Bolshevik opposition.

This paper seeks to explain why the operation of the Barnett formula has failed to generated convergence in the per capita public expenditure levels in the four countries of the UK. Using Scotland as an example, the paper argues that a 'formula plus influence' allocation mechanism has been in place. This offers improved flexibility, greater political integration and increased information flows than would be available through either a straight bargaining or formula process. While devolution has not changed the Barnett formula, it has altered the environment in which it operates and that this may well destabilise an otherwise secure system.

The specific concern in this paper is the co-ordination difficulties within a target-setting regime where there are negative policy spillovers across regions and where these spillovers are not common knowledge amongst the government and the delegated agencies. We analyse this policy problem in a principal-agent framework, using a very simple model. In this model it is possible for both the government (the principal) and the regional agencies (the agents) to be either informed or uninformed about the nature of the inter-regional spillovers. Further, informed development agencies can either act non-cooperatively or collusively in attempting to meet the policy targets. We demonstrate that: ·where one policy objective has negative spillovers, there will be a switch in expenditure towards that policy that has the externality, ·the expenditure switch will be largest when the spillover is greatest ·where the agency is informed, the expenditure switch is reduced, ·if the number of informed agencies is increased, the extent of expenditure switching is increased unless the agencies collude, ·that such expenditure switching is arbitrary and likely to be welfare reducing ·adjustments to the targets by an uninformed government may make matters worse. The analysis is primarily done diagrammatically.

This article examines the malaria problem among Chinese migrant laborers in Manchuria, particularly laborers on the South Manchuria Railway's mining sites, the Fushun Mines, during the first half of the twentieth century. Almost all of the malaria cases in Manchuria were caused by the parasite Plasmodium vivax, which rarely causes death but leads to debilitation and makes sufferers susceptible to other illnesses. Malaria epidemics in Manchuria during this period were the result of Japan's economic and military exploitation. The expansion of malaria mosquito habitats caused by large-scale constructions and development of mines and massive immigration for these industries led to these epidemics. Most of the malaria victims were Chinese laborers who worked for Japanese businesses and no less than two-thirds of these patients were reportedly from Fushun, where the Fushun Mines were located. The living and working conditions of the laborers made them vulnerable to various diseases, including malaria. As Japanese employers concentrated on the human-centered approach to malaria control general sanitary reforms were often ignored. After the promulgation of the Five-Year Industrial Development Plan of Manchukuo and the outbreak of the Second-Sino Japanese War, Japanese authorities' attitude to malaria among Chinese laborers changed dramatically. A steady supply of labor was essential to enable the production of more coal for the war-efforts as the Fushun Mines were designated a key industry for Japan's national defense. To achieve this manpower efficiency was crucial but malaria epidemics decreased the productivity of labor. As the coal shortage was considered a great obstacle for Japanese and Manchukuo industries, as well as for the conduct of the war, the malaria problem among Chinese laborers could no longer be ignored.