Suchergebnisse

The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase farmer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields. The next generation of GM food research is focusing also on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers, beginning with 'golden rice', which has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of unskilled labourers in developing countries. This paper analyses empirically the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It does so using the global economy-wide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest the welfare gains are potentially very large, especially from golden rice and that—contrary to the claims of numerous interests—those estimated benefits are diminished only slightly by the presence of the European Union's current barriers to imports of GM foods. In particular, if SSA countries impose bans on GM crop imports in an attempt to maintain access to EU markets for non-GM products, the loss to domestic consumers due to that protectionism boost to SSA farmers is far more than the small gain in terms of greater market access to the EU.

How much might the potential economic benefit from enhanced farm productivity associated with crop biotechnology adoption by Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) be offset by a loss of market access abroad for crops that may contain genetically modified (GM) organisms? This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to estimate effects of other countries' GM policies without and with ANZ farmers adopting GM varieties of various grains and oilseeds. The gross economic benefits to ANZ from adopting GM crops under a variety of scenarios could be positive even if the strict controls on imports from GM-adopting countries by the European Union are maintained, but not if North-East Asia also applied such trade restaints. From those gross economic effects would need to be subtracted society's evaluation of any new food safety concerns and negative environmental externalities (net of any new environmental and occupational health benefits), as well as any extra costs of segregation, identity preservation and consumer search. ; We acknowledge with thanks funding support from Australia's Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) and the Australian Research Council.

Over the past decade, the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) have implemented widely divergent regulatory systems to govern the production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) agricultural crops. In the US, many GM varieties have been commercially produced and marketed, while in the EU few varieties have been approved: a de facto moratorium limited EU production, import and domestic sale of most GM crops from late 1998 to April 2004, and since then strict labelling regulations and a slow approval process are having a similar effect. The EU policies have substantially altered trade flows and led in September 2003 to the WTO establishing a WTO Dispute Settlement panel to test the legality of European policy towards imports of GM foods. This paper seeks to better understand the economic forces behind the different regulatory approaches of the US and the EU. It uses a model of the global economy (GTAP) to examine empirically how GM biotechnology adoption would affect the economic welfare of both adopting and non-adopting countries in the absence of alternative policy responses to this technology, and in their presence. These results go beyond earlier empirical studies to indicate effects on real incomes of farm households, and suggest the EU moratorium on GM imports helps EU farmers even though it requires them to forego the productivity boost they could receive from the new GM biotechnology. ; We acknowledge with thanks funding support from Australia's Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation and the Australian Research Council.

A global computable general equilibrium model is used to examine how adoption of genetically modified (GM) biotechnology affects the welfare of interest groups within the United States and the European Union in the absence of policy responses to this technology and in their presence. Results indicate that changes in real income of producers can help explain differing GM policies in these two regions.

The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase farmer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields. The next generation of GM food research is focusing also on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers, beginning with 'golden rice', which has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of unskilled labourers in developing countries. This paper analyses empirically the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It does so using the global economy-wide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest the welfare gains are potentially very large, especially from golden rice and that—contrary to the claims of numerous interests—those estimated benefits are diminished only slightly by the presence of the European Union's current barriers to imports of GM foods. In particular, if SSA countries impose bans on GM crop imports in an attempt to maintain access to EU markets for non-GM products, the loss to domestic consumers due to that protectionism boost to SSA farmers is far more than the small gain in terms of greater market access to the EU.

How much might the potential economic benefit from enhanced farm productivity associated with crop biotechnology adoption by Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) be offset by a loss of market access abroad for crops that may contain genetically modified (GM) organisms? This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to estimate effects of other countries' GM policies without and with ANZ farmers adopting GM varieties of various grains and oilseeds. The gross economic benefits to ANZ from adopting GM crops under a variety of scenarios could be positive even if the strict controls on imports from GM-adopting countries by the European Union are maintained, but not if North-East Asia also applied such trade restaints. From those gross economic effects would need to be subtracted society's evaluation of any new food safety concerns and negative environmental externalities (net of any new environmental and occupational health benefits), as well as any extra costs of segregation, identity preservation and consumer search. ; We acknowledge with thanks funding support from Australia's Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) and the Australian Research Council.

Over the past decade, the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) have implemented widely divergent regulatory systems to govern the production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) agricultural crops. In the US, many GM varieties have been commercially produced and marketed, while in the EU few varieties have been approved: a de facto moratorium limited EU production, import and domestic sale of most GM crops from late 1998 to April 2004, and since then strict labelling regulations and a slow approval process are having a similar effect. The EU policies have substantially altered trade flows and led in September 2003 to the WTO establishing a WTO Dispute Settlement panel to test the legality of European policy towards imports of GM foods. This paper seeks to better understand the economic forces behind the different regulatory approaches of the US and the EU. It uses a model of the global economy (GTAP) to examine empirically how GM biotechnology adoption would affect the economic welfare of both adopting and non-adopting countries in the absence of alternative policy responses to this technology, and in their presence. These results go beyond earlier empirical studies to indicate effects on real incomes of farm households, and suggest the EU moratorium on GM imports helps EU farmers even though it requires them to forego the productivity boost they could receive from the new GM biotechnology. ; We acknowledge with thanks funding support from Australia's Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation and the Australian Research Council.

A global computable general equilibrium model is used to examine how adoption of genetically modified (GM) biotechnology affects the welfare of interest groups within the United States and the European Union in the absence of policy responses to this technology and in their presence. Results indicate that changes in real income of producers can help explain differing GM policies in these two regions.

A global computable general equilibrium model is used to examine how adoption of genetically modified (GM) biotechnology affects the welfare of interest groups within the United States and the European Union in the absence of policy responses to this technology and in their presence. Results indicate that changes in real income of producers can help explain differing GM policies in these two regions. ; Includes bibliographical references

ABSTRACT
Empowering women is a significant step on the road towards achieving sustainable development, one the of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) main goals. Today, 124 WTO Members and Observers (representing more than 75% of world trade and two-thirds of the WTO membership) support the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment endorsed in the margins of the 11th WTO Ministerial Conference, which seeks to remove trade barriers women face and foster their economic empowerment. This Declaration has made the WTO a key contributor, and even a leader, on the issue of women's empowerment, in support of development and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. At the same time, it is important to note that inclusive trade is, and always has been, at the heart of the WTO's work.
The paper therefore offers a preliminary analysis of the various areas of the WTO where women considerations can be used to contribute to building a more inclusive trade system, whether through the numerous provisions of the WTO covered agreements or within the 'policy space' that currently exists in the WTO framework. By lowering trade barriers, the WTO can help everyone to participate. Supporting the integration of women into international trade is fundamental to ensuring that everyone can reap the benefits of global trade.