Suchergebnisse

A searing critique of our contemporary policy agenda, and a call to implement radical change. Although it is well known that the United States has an inequality problem, the social science community has failed to mobilize in response. Social scientists have instead adopted a strikingly insipid approach to policy reform, an ostensibly science-based approach that offers incremental, narrow-gauge, and evidence-informed "interventions." This approach assumes that the best that we can do is to contain the problem. It is largely taken for granted that we will never solve it. In Manifesto for a Dream Michelle Jackson asserts that we will never make strides toward equality if we do not start to think radically. It is the structure of social institutions that generates and maintains social inequality, and it is only by attacking that structure that progress can be made. Jackson makes a scientific case for large-scale institutional reform, drawing on examples from other countries to demonstrate that reforms that have been unthinkable in the United States are considered to be quite unproblematic in other contexts. She persuasively argues that an emboldened social science has an obligation to develop and test the radical policies that would be necessary for equality to be assured for all.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- CHAPTER ONE Introduction: How Is Inequality of Educational Opportunity Generated? The Case for Primary and Secondary Effects -- CHAPTER TWO Primary and Secondary Effects: Some Methodological Issues -- CHAPTER THREE Inequality in Transitions to Secondary School and Tertiary Education in Germany -- CHAPTER FOUR How Social Background Affects Educational Attainment over Time in the Netherlands -- CHAPTER FIVE Academic Achievement, Tracking Decisions, and Their Relative Contribution to Educational Inequalities -- CHAPTER SIX Social-Origin Inequalities in Educational Careers in Italy -- CHAPTER SEVEN Ever-Declining Inequalities? -- CHAPTER EIGHT Dentist, Driver, or Dropout? -- CHAPTER NINE Social Background and Educational Transitions in England -- CHAPTER TEN Class Origins, High School Graduation, and College Entry in the United States -- CHAPTER ELEVEN Why Does Inequality of Educational Opportunity Vary across Countries? -- Index

In the last several years, Nigerian corporations have begun to place more, emphasis on the taxation of their corporations. It has become quite clear to many Nigerian corporations that they must manage their tax system carefully if they are to profit from its trade or business. When examining the law as it applies to the taxation of corporations, functions such as assessing taxable income, calculating business profits or applying capital gains tax to particular organizations, become more precise and require mandatory operations. Many aspects are considered within the corporate tax system, such as company taxable income, deductions, and tax computations. Other factors that exist with a corporate tax system is the "Taxation of Shareholders," foreign and domestic. There exists a commonality within these shareholders whereas neither Nigerian nor non-Nigerian shareholders are subject to further income tax on corporate dividends on which withholding tax has been paid. This thesis proposes the many aspects of corporate tax management and the strict effect Commercial Law has on the Nigerian tax system. Although the .rules and regulations of the law may seem intense within the tax system, corporations in Nigeria will continue to experience the enhancement of the scope and the quality of advancement. In establishing the content of my thesis, I have studied the facts of the listed issues. • How gross income is structured within the taxation of corporations. • How the basis of assessment affects tax administration in Nigeria. • How capital gains tax is valued in the Nigerian corporations. • What effects Nigerian Commercial Law has on branch operations.

In light of an increasing interest in experimental work, we provide a review of some of the general issues involved in the design of experiments and illustrate their relevance to sociology and to other areas of social science of interest to sociologists. We provide both an introduction to the principles of experimental design and examples of influential applications of design for different types of social science research. Our aim is twofold: to provide a foundation in the principles of design that may be useful to those planning experiments and to provide a critical overview of the range of applications of experimental design across the social sciences.

Front Cover -- Next Generation Biomonitoring: Part 2 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter One: Bioinformatics for Biomonitoring: Species Detection and Diversity Estimates Across Next-Generation Sequencin ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Mock Communities -- 2.2. Library Preparation for Roche 454 -- 2.3. Library Preparation for Illumina MiSeq -- 2.4. Bioinformatics and Data Analysis -- 2.5. Assigning Taxonomy to OTUs and Dereplicated Sequences -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Sequence and Read Depth -- 3.2. OTU Clustering and the Effect of Singletons -- 3.3. Species Detection -- 3.4. OTU Precision -- 3.5. Impact of Merging and Appending MiSeq Reads on Species Detection and OTU Estimates -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Read Depth and Singletons -- 4.2. OTU Clustering -- 4.3. Experimental Design -- 4.4. Implications for Biomonitoring -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter Two: Linking DNA Metabarcoding and Text Mining to Create Network-Based Biomonitoring Tools: A Case Study on Borea ... -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Ecological Networks as Biomonitoring Tools -- 1.2. New Tools to Rapidly Assess Biodiversity and Annotate It With Ecological Information -- 1.3. Freshwater Biodiversity Hotspots as Candidates for Exploring Novel Approaches for Biodiversity Assessment -- 1.4. Exploring the Generation of DNA Ecological Networks for Aquatic Biomonitoring -- 2. Building Heuristic Food Webs for Wetland Biomonitoring: A Case Study -- 2.1. DNA Sample Collection, Metabarcoding, and Bioinformatics Pipeline -- 2.2. Development of Text-Mining Pipeline for Traits of Freshwater Organisms -- 2.3. Evaluation, and Iterative Refinements to Text-Mining Pipeline for Body Size -- 2.4. Rule-Based Procedure for Retrieving Trait Information for Heuristic Food Web Construction

Front Cover -- Next Generation Biomonitoring: Part 1 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter One: Biomonitoring for the 21st Century: Integrating Next-Generation Sequencing Into Ecological Network Analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. How Are Ecological Networks Useful for Biomonitoring? -- 2.1. Traditional Biomonitoring Is Typically Descriptive and Rarely Provides an Understanding of the Underlying Mechanisms ... -- 2.2. Ecological Networks Provide a Framework to Describe and Monitor Ecological Processes and Ecosystem Functions -- 2.3. Ecological Network Structure Characterizes Ecosystem Properties -- 2.4. Knowledge of Ecological Networks Helps to Assess the Effect(s) of Environmental Changes on Ecosystem Processes and A ... -- 2.5. The Robustness of Networks of Ecological Networks: Applications for Understanding Species and Habitat Loss, Restorat ... -- 3. Ecological Networks Can Be Challenging to Build Using Conventional Approaches -- 4. Combining NGS With ENA: Opportunities and Challenges -- 4.1. Using NGS to Construct Ecological Networks -- 4.2. PCR Bias and Abundance Estimation in NGS Community Analyses -- 4.3. NGS Without a Prior PCR Step -- 4.4. Detection of Species Interactions Using Molecular Tools -- 4.5. How to Deal With Interactions Not Directly Resolved by NGS: Are Species Association Networks Species Interaction Net ... -- 5. Machine Learning as a Way to Rapidly Build Molecular Ecological Networks in a Rapid and Reliable Way? -- 5.1. Learning Ecological Networks From Data -- 5.2. Exploiting eDNA-Derived Information as a Source for Network Data -- 6. NGS Network Data Sharing -- 6.1. The Importance of a Dedicated NGS Network Database: Linking DNA Sequences and Ecological Interactions to Limit Speci