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"An early but still useful and frequently cited contribution to the science of mathematical economics, this volume is geared toward graduate students in the field. The three-part treatment explores the Leontif model and the technological basis of production, the theory of business cycles, and the neoclassical equilibrium theory. Prerequisites include familiarity with the basic theory of matrices and linear transformations and with elementary calculus. 1961 edition"--

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online.

This title offers an original account of the history of liberal thought, one grounded in an institutional history of medieval pluralism and the early modern rationalising state, and explores the deep tensions that liberal political thought rests upon.

While also valuing useful citizenship, Rousseau offers what is perhaps the most substantive modern account and defense of idleness. According to Rousseau, idleness' attraction lies in its relation to human nature and its capacity for producing our highest happiness. However, Rousseau is also careful to show that most existing forms of idleness are false, and true idleness is a difficult achievement. The happiness available in idleness can only be attained when free from vanity, obligation, and foresight. This specific form of idleness is also the only form that is morally and politically defensible. Though Rousseau argues, in the First Discourse, that the useless are pernicious, this is only true of the falsely idle that seek to undermine common morality and political attachment. True idleness, while still useless, satisfies Rousseau's core moral principle to not harm.

For decades, the Department of Justice (DOJ) has issued a steady flood of press releases announcing False Claims Act (FCA) settlements against health care entities and extolling the purportedly sharp message sent to the industry through these settlements about the consequences of engaging in wrongdoing. The FCA is the primary mechanism for government enforcement against health care entities engaged in wrongdoing, and it is expected to be DOJ's key tool for addressing fraud arising out of government programs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. DOJ has pointed to three key goals of its enforcement efforts (deterrence, incentivizing cooperation, and building a culture of compliance in the health care industry). However, careful examination of the settlements touted in those DOJ press releases calls into question whether DOJ's settlement practices are conveying the message DOJ seeks to impart or having the impact it hopes to achieve. Virtually all FCA cases resolve without requiring the defendant to admit wrongdoing, and many defendants issue explicit public denials of wrongdoing when the resolution is announced. The absence of any need to admit wrongdoing has fueled a cost-of-doing-business narrative in which health care entities are required periodically to pay inconsequential settlements to the government regardless of their conduct. DOJ thereby risks both diminishing the general deterrence value of resolutions and lending credence to the vocal skepticism among industry and the defense bar that DOJ could, in fact, prevail at trial. DOJ's willingness to allow settlements in health care fraud cases without admissions is diametrically contrary to DOJ's policy in criminal cases, which is against permitting resolutions without defendants' clear and unequivocal acceptance of responsibility for violating the law. Permitting no-responsibility settlements in the civil FCA context suggests both that DOJ pursues, illegitimately, weak cases it cannot prove at trial, and potentially weakens the general deterrence value of ...

This presentation will examine support of and opposition to the construction of several dams on the forks of the Flathead River in Western Montana between 1944 and 1968. Between the authorization of Hungry Horse Dam in 1944 and the passage of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act in 1968, the federal government proposed six dams in the Flathead valley. Among the proposed dams were Spruce Park Dam on the Middle Fork, Glacier View and Smoky Range Dam on the North Fork in Glacier National Park, Knowles and Paradise Dam on the Lower Flathead and Clark Fork, and a proposal to raise the height of Kerr Dam at the mouth of Flathead Lake. The debate over these projects serves as a window into the formation of political identities that would go on to shape national politics in the twentieth century. Labor unions saw the promise of good paying jobs, both in dam construction and in the industries that the hydropower would support. Sportsmen's organizations saw a threat to their hunting, fishing, and boating grounds. Biologists like John and Frank Craighead the loss of vital winter habitat. Famers in Paradise, MT feared losing their homes under a new lake, while farmers in Charlo, MT saw the possibility of waterfront property. Senator Mansfield and Congressman Metcalf saw the opportunity to expand public ownership of the power grid and reduce energy rates for their constituents. Writers such as award-winning conservation writer Tim Palmer have placed the opposition to Glacier View and Spruce Park Dams alongside the better-known Echo Park and Grand Canyon dam controversies as a fight which galvanized the modern environmental movement. Defeating these dam proposals ushered in the wilderness regime typified by the Wilderness Act of 1964 and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The scientists and citizen advocates who were central to the preservation of the forks of the Flathead were called upon to write drafts of those laws. Their legacies endure as heroes of the wilderness movement. Less explored however, are the motivations of those who promoted dam construction. In Palmer's version of the story, it is the faceless behemoth of the Army Corp of Engineers alone pushing for river development. This presentation looks beyond that to the labor organizers and local boosters of the Flathead Valley who successfully garnered the support of Metcalf and Mansfield, despite growing support for permanently protecting wild rivers. Understanding their side of this story is crucial to grasping the role that federal dam construction played in postwar political realignments. This presentation is grounded evidentially in the personal papers of labor leaders, members of the Kalispell Chamber of Commerce, Flathead Valley farmers, sportsmen, and conservationists along with the public debates that took place in the pages of the Daily Interlake and Hungry Horse News, in Army Corps hearings, and on the floor of Congress. From these sources I trace a story of the growing divide between labor unions, public power advocates, and environmental protection groups in the mid twentieth century.

Abstract
The concept of leisure found in Aristotle's corpus is both elusive and challenging. It eludes categorization into our current understandings of work and play while at the same time challenging those very conceptions. Here, I attempt to come to grips with Aristotelian leisure by (1) demonstrating its centrality in Aristotle's thought, (2) explaining leisure as primarily a 'way of being' rather than merely the absence of occupation or one of several preconditions to the virtues, and (3) exploring what leisure might mean to liberal democracy. As a 'way of being', Aristotelian leisure is more than an absence of work, but is a positive comportment that itself requires virtues, material means, and an education.

The Second World War wreaked a measure of destruction unseen in human history. An unprecedented number of people died or were killed during the conflict across the European and Pacific theatres of war. Fighting waged for the better part of a decade, claiming nearly one hundred million lives, soldiers and civilians combined. American, British, and Russian forces finally surrounded Berlin in April 1945. Adolf Hitler, the cunning, vengeful, ideologically-driven leader who plunged the world in war, took a cyanide tablet and shot himself in his underground bunker only a week before Germany finally surrendered. The fighting in Europe finally ended in May 1945, signaling an end to the bloodshed (Japan would surrender in August of the same year). The surrender of Germany, however, did not conclude the work of the Allies in Germany. An equally daunting task now faced the leaders of the free world: the trial of Nazi war criminals. While the Allies conducted numerous war trials in the years following, the most famous remains the Nuremberg Trial, conducted by the International Military Tribunal from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. The trial represented an unprecedented in law and changed the face of international law for all time. Although the trials inevitably allowed many criminals to evade punishment, the circumstances surrounding the trial, its unprecedented nature, and the conviction of major war criminals proved equally important for the legacy of Nuremberg Trials in the years to come.

Many organizations are concerned, and struggle, with personnel management. Training personnel is expensive, so there is a high emphasis on understanding why and anticipating when individuals leave an organization. The military is no exception. Moreover, the military is strictly hierarchical and must grow all its leaders, making retention all the more vital. Intuition holds that there is a relationship between the economic environment and personnel attrition rates in the military (e.g. when the economy is bad, attrition is low). This study investigates that relationship in a more formal manner. Specifically, this study conducts an econometric analysis of U.S. Air Force officer attrition rates from 2004-2016, utilizing several economic indicators such as the unemployment rate, labor market momentum, and labor force participation. Dynamic regression models are used to explore these relationships, and to generate a reliable attrition forecasting capability. This study finds that the unemployment rate significantly affects U.S. Air Force officer attrition, reinforcing the results of previous works. Furthermore, this study identifies a time lag for that relationship; unemployment rates were found to affect attrition two years later. Further insights are discussed, and paths for expansion of this work are laid out.