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This article explores links between the issues of sexuality and gendered control over agricultural land. It discusses gendered land rights in several settings, concentrating particularly on agrarian and land reforms. I argue that land redistribution in the 'household' model, discussed for Chile and Nicaragua, tends to entrench male household and agricultural control. In contrast, more collective forms, discussed for Vietnam, have displayed economic weaknesses but had potential to undercut such control by socialising women's labour. Fears about and visions of female sexuality have much to do with backlashes against inclusion of women, either through allowing them membership of cooperatives and collectives or through granting rights such as joint titling to land. In sub-Saharan Africa, there currently exists much discussion of improving women's control over agriculture and its products. These continue to meet opposition, despite female predominance in agriculture in the region. Thus, even though women work on the land in many societies, this does not give them any automatic 'closeness' to nature or say within households. Control over women's, especially wives', labour within peasant households, is linked to the manner that their persons and their labour are bound up in this socio-economic form. The article also examines two feminist attempts to configure alternative agricultural forms: the case of a lesbian agricultural collective in the west of the USA and an Indian model of new female-centred households for single women. Heterosexuality as an institution and gender subordination more broadly, as the examples here indicate, have to do not only with sexual practices or identity but extend also to issues of labour and access to crucial resources. Adapted from the source document.

This article explores key issues around land and agrarian reforms, beginning with definitions. It analyses debates over political intent and the contradictory economic outcomes of (redistributionist) reforms: these decrease some class inequalities but hold potential for further differentiation in the countryside. It also takes up three current issues: gender, land rights and land reforms, neoliberal 'reforms', titling and land 'grabs', and agrarian reforms' contemporary relevance in the context of globalising trends. It concludes that land and agrarian reforms continue to be of much importance to poverty alleviation, food security and sustainable agriculture, particularly in a world framed by neoliberal policies.

AbstractLand reform has recently become a topic of interest to the media. Given historical experience and current changes, are land reform policies still worthwhile objects of struggle for rural women? The article discusses arguments 'against': for instance, women have been excluded from most past land reforms, and many rural people have had to diversify their livelihood bases, so that agriculture has diminished in importance. Despite these and other points, the article argues that land reform which includes women would be of great benefit: it would increase food security, would allow wives to keep better control over their own incomes, and would increase women's status more generally. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Racial & gender divisions in Zimbabwe are analyzed during the precolonial period, settler colonialism, the struggle for independence, & the postindependence period. Five dimensions of the racial/ethnic & gender experience are discussed: (1) African women & settler colonialism; (2) white women & settler colonialism; (3) the Jewish community; (4) Asian/colored classifications & associated ambiguities; & (5) ethnic differences among African women. The analysis reveals a basic disjuncture between the transnational corporation & settler-dominated Zimbabwean economy & the country's indigenous African-dominated political & ideological structures & processes. The need to go beyond racialized categories of black & white or simple dichotomies between men & women in studying the Zimbabwean racial & gender experience is discussed. 70 References. D. Generoli

While a Research Associate attached to the Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs, Zimbabwe, in 1984, I studied the relation between gender and class in six Resettlement Areas (R.A.s) during an eightmonth period in there north-eastern Provinces: Central and East Mashonaland, and Manicaland. The country is divided into five agro-ecological 'Natural Regions', numbered I to V, indicating decreasing rainfall and soil fertility, and the R.A.s studied were all in II or III, albeit in a year of drought.