Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this study is to examining the management of the formation of Habermas public Sphere theory in Instagram and Telegram networks. The research method is survey. Statistical Society of this research is the users of social networks (telegram and Instagram). according to the Cochrane formula statistical sample is 384 people. Using purposive non-random sampling method the Statistical samples was selected and the data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method. The results showed that There is a significant relationship between free access to the Internet and social networks, rational critique of political economic social and cultural issues, rational criticism of the government, free dialogue and the formation of the public sphere. There is a difference between the formation of the public Sphere in social networks and the level of education. There is a difference between the formation of the public Sphere in social networks and individuals' age, but There is not much difference between the formation of the public Sphere in social networks and gender.

The right to have free access to information is one of the most underlying examples of the first generation of human rights. Also, it is a requirement of realization of citizenship rights and one of the vital issues in the principle of democratic participation discourse. Due to the importance of this issue, the approval of the Law on Dissemination and Free Access to Information in 2009 in Iran can be a vital step toward the achievement of free access to information, transparency, and favorable democracy. The purpose of this study is to explain the challenges and opportunities of the Law on Dissemination and Free Access to Information in Iran. Hence, by referring to scholars in the field of law, formal and natural evaluation of Law on Dissemination and Free Access to Information was done. The method in this study is data-based, and deep interviews are used to analyze the different aspects of this issue. The statistical population in this study consists of scholars and experts of the law. The results obtained from the interviews led to the identification of three opportunities including good democracy and governance, prevention and fight against corruption and revival and implementation of the citizenship document. Besides, five vital challenges were identified in the section of interviewing with lawyers: the ambiguity of law exceptions, lack of sanction of law, ambiguity in the concept of access to information, the challenge of dissemination system and access to information, and parallel laws challenges. According to the identified challenges and opportunities, it seems that the efforts of Ministries of Culture and Arts, Communications and Technology, Education, and National Media, and revision of legal articles concerning these challenges can be the proper solution to these problems.

The development of sustainability criteria and indicators is necessary to assess the current management and to recognize appropriate management approaches towards sustainable forest management (SFM). The aim of this study is to assess the sustainability of current management in the Dopolan community forest and assess alternative management scenarios towards SFM. To this end, we applied multi criteria analysis which consists of three steps: a) developing a primary set of criteria and indicators (C&Is) on focus groups discussions, b) finalizing and weighing the set of C&Is, applying a pair wise comparison as well as ranking method, and c) assessing the current forest management regimes and alternative scenarios against a set of C&Is. As a result, 8 criteria and 40 indicators were selected. Our results indicated that to achieve SFM, the criteria including forest protection against natural and human factors, the establishment of appropriate legal and institutional requirements and socioeconomic functions of forests, are the most important criteria (weighted 14.60%, 14.28% and 13.96%, respectively). Assessing the current management regimes revealed that the criteria consisting of biodiversity conservation and local communities' awareness have the maximum distance to SFM (weighted 7.75% and 9.18%, respectively). Among the alternative forest management scenarios, the sixth scenario namely conservation and rehabilitation, local investment attraction in forest conservation and rehabilitation, enabling and capacity building of forest inhabitants were realized as the best scenarios (weighted 26.20%) to achieve SFM. A joint effort of the concerned government forestry officials and local people is needed to enhance the sustain ability of all community based forestry models.