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"This compendium of policy notes is the result of cooperation between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, The World Bank and the International Rice Research Institute. Across Asia, rice is food for the largest segment of the human family. These policy notes seek to contribute to the ongoing policy dialogues and debates about rice and food security in East and Southeast Asia and to better informed decision- making. The aim of this compendium is to synthesize and reframe a large body of recent literature into a readily-accessible format for public officials, business leaders, members of civil society and other stakeholders in the policymaking process. While the focus of the publication is on the rice sector in East and Southeast Asia, many of its key findings and conclusions will also be of interest to policymakers addressing similar challenges associated with staple food in other regions."--Publisher website

In emerging East Asia, agricultural output has expanded dramatically over recent decades, primarily as a result of successful efforts to stimulate yield growth. This achievement has increased the availability of food and raw materials in the region, drastically diminished hunger, and more generally provided solid ground for economic development. The intensification of agriculture that has made this possible, however, has also led to serious pollution problems that have adversely affected human and ecosystem health, as well as the productivity of agriculture itself. In the region that currently owes the largest proportion of deaths to the environment, agriculture is often portrayed as a victim of industrial and urban pollution, and this is indeed the case. Yet agriculture is taking a growing toll on economic resources and sometimes becoming a victim of its own success. In parts of China, Vietnam, and the Philippines—the countries studied in The Challenge of Agricultural Pollution—this pattern of highly productive yet highly polluting agriculture has been unfolding with consequences that remain poorly understood. With large numbers of pollutants and sources, agricultural pollution is often undetected and unmeasured. When assessments do occur, they tend to take place within technical silos, and so the different ecological and socioeconomic risks are seldom considered as a whole, while some escape study entirely. However, when agricultural pollution is considered in its entirety, both the significance of its impacts and the relative neglect of them become clear. Meanwhile, growing recognition that a "pollute now, treat later" approach is unsustainable—from both a human health and an agroindustry perspective—has led public and private sector actors to seek solutions to this problem. Yet public intervention has tended to be more reactive than preventive and often inadequate in scale. In some instances, the implementation of sound pollution control programs has also been confronted with incentive structures that do not rank environmental outcomes prominently. Significant potential does exist, however, to reduce the footprint of farms through existing technical solutions, and with adequate and well-crafted government support, its realization is well within reach.

The relative prosperity enjoyed by Uganda during the 1960s, based largely on the traditional exports of coffee, tea, cotton, and tobacco, was eroded by a devastating civil war over the period 1971 to 1985. The paper is based upon interviews with selected respondents, including government authorities, exporting companies, donors, and practitioner organizations, carried out in 2007 and 2008. The paper is divided into four sections. Section one provides a brief historical perspective on the emergence of the Ugandan fruit and vegetable export industry and examines the role played by different government and donor initiatives in the initial shaping of the sector, between the late 1980s and late 1990s. Section two highlights the strategic commercial approaches adopted by Ugandan exporting companies and farmers during the 2000s in response to past performance and in the face of evolving regulatory and market requirements, especially in the European Union. Section three examines the rationale for, means of support of, and apparent efficacy of a range of recent programs seeking to improve or sustain the competitiveness of Uganda's fruit and vegetable exports via improved compliance with regulatory or private standards. Lessons are drawn from this experience. Section four provides a brief set of general conclusions.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Lead Authors -- About the Contributors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- The Food Safety Context -- Aims and Audiences -- Study Methods -- Structure of the Report -- 1. Why Safe Food Matters to Economic Development -- Introduction -- Food Safety and the Sustainable Development Goals -- Understanding the Socioeconomic Impacts of Unsafe Food -- The Food Safety Life Cycle -- Summary -- References -- 2. Evidence on the Burden of Unsafe Food in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Introduction -- The Public Health Burden of Foodborne Disease -- Economic Costs of Foodborne Disease -- Food Safety Risks in LMIC Domestic Markets -- The Costs of Domestic Food Safety Failures -- The Costs of Food Safety Failures in Trade -- Summary -- References -- 3. The Status of Food Safety Management in Developing Countries -- Food Safety Capacity -- Factors That Motivate Food Safety Capacity and Behavioral Change -- Benchmarking Food Safety Capacity -- The Public Sector's Capacities for Managing Domestic Food Safety Risks -- The Alternatives to Public Regulation -- Enabling Smallholder Farmers to Be Food Safety Compliant -- The State of Capacities for Managing Trade-Related Food Safety Risks -- Moving toward Risk-Based Imported Food Controls -- Summary -- References -- 4. Strengthening Food Safety Management Systems -- Introduction -- Steps toward a More Effective Food Safety Policy Framework -- Better Implementation: Moving from Policy to Action -- References -- 5. The Way Forward -- Conclusions -- A Call to Action for Various Stakeholders -- Priorities among Countries at Different Stages of the Food Safety Life Cycle -- Reference -- Boxes -- ES.1 Recommendations for Stakeholders in the Food Safety Life Cycle

Food safety is vital for achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals, including ending poverty and hunger and promoting health and well-being. Unsafe food can cause illness and death, and it keeps people from working and thriving. It undermines food and nutritional security, imposes costs on the food economy and public health system, and disrupts international trade. The global burden of foodborne disease falls disproportionately on children under age five and on the populations of low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa. Low- and middle-income countries are estimated, in aggregate, to experience a productivity loss of some US$95 billion per year as a result of unsafe food. The Safe Food Imperative argues that much of the health and economic burden of unsafe food can be avoided through preventive measures, investments, and behavioral changes adopted from farm to fork. It draws attention to policies and approaches that governments can use to invest wisely in food safety, to better leverage private initiatives, and to engage effectively with consumers. Both its analysis of food safety challenges and its recommendations for priority public and other stakeholder actions are differentiated for countries at different levels of economic development. The Safe Food Imperative will be of interest to food safety and development practitioners, as well as to policy makers and policy analysts in low- and middle-income countries---those associated with technical ministries (especially agriculture, health, and trade) and those involved with economic and development planning and budgetary and fiscal management.

Despite significant progress the world continues to bear a triple burden of malnutrition. These three burdens are related, but distinctly different, problems: energy deficiencies (hunger), micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), 3 and excessive net energy intake and unhealthy diets overweight/obesity). Despite significant progress, 795 million people still are not getting the minimum dietary energy needs. The majority of these people are in Sub-Saharan Africa, in which 1 in 4 people are hungry; and in South Asia, in which 1 in 6 people are hungry. More than 2 billion people are deficient in key vitamins and minerals7 that are necessary for growth, development, and disease prevention. Globally, over 2 billion people are overweight or obese, two-thirds of whom live in developing countries. This issue clearly is not just a developed country problem. Energy and micronutrient deficiency are contributors to the 165 million children under 5 who are stunted and cannot grow to achieve their full potential. Globally, this number is equivalent to approximately 1 in 4 children under 5 years, with an even more concentrated situation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (1 in 3 children). Arguably child stunting is one of the biggest development challenges. If not addressed it will profoundly undermine our ability to end poverty and promote shared prosperity.

With the aim of promoting national food security, the Vietnamese government enforces the designation of around 35 per cent of agricultural land strictly for paddy rice cultivation. We investigate the economic effects of adjusting this policy, using an economy-wide model of Vietnam with detailed modelling of region-specific land use, agricultural activity, poverty and food security measures. Our results show that the removal of the rice land designation policy increases real private consumption by an average of 0.35 per cent per annum over 2011–2030, while also reducing poverty, improving food security and contributing to more nutritionally balanced diets among Vietnamese households.