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Latin American population has migrated to cities transforming to urban the currently population, resulting in a large concentration of people and a decrease in the living standard of them due to the difficulties of accessibility and mobility. Moreover, the lack of quality comprehensive strategies implemented by the government, have encourage the use of vehicles as a solution to this problem. Making not only the mobility problems clear but also the increase in the pollution produced by the harmful emissions coming from vehicles; it is considered a conceptual, formal, and functional design of a human-powered vehicle as a proposal of urban mobility, therefore with no polluting emissions. The development of the project initially states an analysis of the urban mobility problem as a preamble, and regard for the development of conceptual proposals of design that through a matrix of alternatives allows the selection of the alternative that fulfills the requirements of design and the previously identified expectations in the potential customers for this type of vehicles. Once defined the conceptual design of the vehicle subsequently it is made its model, and the analysis to the aerodynamics and structure is also done with assisted tools by computer. The validation through the software, CAD, allows that the selected model will be optimized until obtaining a specific model that allows its prototyping. The result of the investigation allows having the starting point for the development of an eco sustainable urban mobility strategy which will be attractive to users, letting a subsequent implementation. ; La población de América Latina ha migrado a las ciudades convirtiendo a urbanas las poblaciones actuales, resultando en una mayor concentración de personas y una disminución en la calidad de vida de estas debido a las dificultase de accesibilidad y movilidad. Además la falta de estrategias integrales de calidad implementadas por los gobiernos, han incentivado el uso de vehículos como solución a esta problemática. Evidenciando no solo problemas de movilidad sino además un incremento en la contaminación producida por emisiones nocivas provenientes de vehículos automotores, es que se plantea el diseño conceptual, formal y funcional de un vehículo de tracción humana como propuesta de movilidad urbana, por ende con cero emisiones contaminantes. El desarrollo del proyecto plantea inicialmente un análisis de la problemática de movilidad urbana, como preámbulo y referente para el desarrollo de propuestas conceptuales de diseño que a través de una matriz de alternativas permitan la selección de la alternativa que cumpla con los requerimientos de diseño y las expectativas previamente identificadas en los potenciales usuarios de este tipo de vehículos. Definido el diseño conceptual del vehículo posteriormente se realiza un modelado de este y se efectúan análisis a la aerodinámica y estructura con herramientas asistidas por omputador. La validación a través del software CAD permite que el modelo seleccionado sea optimizado hasta obtener un modelo específico que permita su prototipado. El resultado de la investigación permite tener el punto de partida para el desarrollo de una estrategia de movilidad urbana eco sustentable y que sea atractiva para los usuarios, permitiendo una posterior implementación.

How Latina girls and women become entangled in the criminal justice systemDespite representing roughly 16 percent of incarcerated women, Latina women and girls are often rendered invisible in accounts of American crime and punishment. In Latinas in the Criminal Justice System, Vera Lopez and Lisa Pasko bring together a group of distinguished scholars to provide a more complete, nuanced picture of Latinas as victims, offenders, and targets of deportation. Featuring Cecilia Menjívar, Lisa M. Martinez, Alice Cepeda, and others, this volume examines the complex histories, backgrounds, and struggles of Latinas in the criminal justice system. Contributors show us how Latinas encounter a variety of justice systems, including juvenile detention, adult court and corrections, and immigration and customs enforcement. Topics include Latina victims of crime and their perceptions of police officers; the impact of the US "crimmigration" system on undocumented Latina women; and help-seeking among Latina victims of intimate partner violence. Additionally, key chapters highlight the emergence of legal reforms, community mobilization efforts, and gender-sensitive alternatives to incarceration designed to increase equitable outcomes. Lopez and Pasko broaden our understanding of how gender, ethnicity, and legal status uniquely shape the experiences of system-impacted Latina girls and women. Latinas in the Criminal Justice System is a timely and much-needed resource for academics, activists, and policymakers