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Abstract: The al-Qur'ân is the only source of law by muslims believed to contain the rules guidelines and guidence to live in the word and the hereafter. Understand it (al-Qur'ân) requires a skill as well expertise, especially in the filed of linguistics (rule lughâwiyyah) so as to understand the meaning of the word of god as defailed in the al-qur'ân. But god's law is written in mushhaf sheets are also has the meaning that can be understood from what is implied behind the text, a fundamental goal (maqâshid al-syarî'ah) of legal provisions in nashshîyyah. In the article the author wants to give an alternative understanding of the idea of a reformer of islamic legal thought that al-Syâthîbî in maqâshid al-syarî'ah outlines in his monumental work. Entitled al-muwâfaqât fî usûl al-syarî'ah . Whit this idea, the observer of islamic law is expected in understanding the law of god is not mely because there is an assessment tekts, but also expected more attention to and consider the fundamental purpose of the establishment of law of god. Key Words: al-Qur'ân, maqâshid al-syarî'ah, al-Syâthîbi, dan mashlahah

[THE COMPATIBILITY OF ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY: CHALLENGES AND OBSTACLES OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN ISLAMIC WORLD] This study aims to find out whether Islam and democracy are compatible, as well as how the challenges and obstacles of democratization in the Muslim world. This research is in the form of a pure library (library research) using descriptive qualitative methods. Data analysis of the discussion uses the inductive approach, which is to draw general conclusions from specific conclusions. In principle, not all democratic teachings are relevant to Islamic teachings. When democracy becomes a commitment for the state to be put into practice, then all aspects of life cannot be separated from a touch of democracy, including religion. In Muslim countries, especially Asia and North Africa, religious democracy does not necessarily go hand in hand with the practice of political democracy. Doctrinally, Islam and democracy are two different things, but substantively there are democratic principles that are compatible with Islamic teachings. The principle of justice in law enforcement, equality in community life, nation and state, as well as freedom of opinion, religion, and belief. These principles are ideally contained in a written document, the Medina Charter

Understanding what is desired by Allah from the texts of the Qur'an that which is essentially many debatable than the immutable have led to a variety of concepts generated by the ushûliyyûn, like 'âmm and muthlaq. These two concepts are very numerous and often intersect in the texts of the Qur'an, because the sturcture of the words on the legal source are mostly composed of 'âmm and muthlaq words. Both have the differences and similarities in coverage breadth of its meaning. First, differences can be seen in the 'âmm word covering the whole meaning of syar'î texts has many forms and varieties. While the muthlaq word consists only of nakirah word both singular and plural form. The other hand, the difference that in generality of 'âmm is syumûlî and generality of muthlaq is badalî. In addition, the generality of 'âmm from afrâd side (components), while the generality of muthlaq is from characteristic side. Secondly, the range of 'âmm word is wider than the muthlaq word, due to the shape and variety of 'âmm word more than the muthlaq word, 'âmm word able to spend the amount of units more than the muthlaq word since the generality 'âmm word on the side of component units, while the generality of the muthlaq word located on the side of characteristic.Copyright (c) 2016 by Al-Ihkam. All right reservedDOI: 10.19105/al-ihkam.v10i2.731

AbstractThe study intended to gather information regarding beginner voters" opinion of of political advertising in Makassar"s mayor elections in 2008. This study is an integrative study. The method ot the study integrating two types of research method from two different approaches namely, quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach which is used in this study is a survey method. The objective of survey method is to meet the validity of the data which is measured using the percentage of representation of the beginner voters. The qualitative approach is using phenomenological method. The phenomenological method is used to gather in-depth information using interpretation from subjective statements from informants related to the subject of the research. The study showed some variety in beginner voters" opinion of political advertising in Makassar"s Mayor elections in 2008. the variety in beginner voters" opinion of political advertising in Makassar"s Mayor elections in 2008 was maybe resulted by voters segmentation and media preference. The study also showed that the criteria of good political advertisement according to beginner voters are those which are easy to remember, easy to read, simple, clear and use a good Indonesian language.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui opini pemilih pemula terhadap Iklan Politik dalam Pilkada Walikota Makassar 2008. Tipe penelitian ini adalah tipe penelitian integratif. Metode ini mengintegrasikan dua tipe penelitian dari dua pendekatan yang berbeda yakni pendekatan kuantitatif dan pendekatan kualitatif. Tipe penelitian berlandaskan pendekatan kuantitatif yang digunakan dalam peneltian ini adalah penelitian survei. Jenis penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memenuhi validitas data yang diukur dari prosentasi keterwakilan pemilih pemula. Kemudian, tipe penelitian berlandaskan pendekatan kualitatif yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian fenomenologi. Tipe ini digunakan untuk memperoleh data mendalam melalui interpretasi terhadap pernyataan-pernyataan subjektif dari informan terkait masalah yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa opini pemilih pemula terhadap iklan politik dalam pilkada Walikota 2008 sangat bervariatif, hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya segmentasi pemilih dan pemilihan media. Selanjutnya, kriteria iklan yang baik menurut perspektif pemilih pemula adalah iklan politik yang mudah diingat dan dibaca, singkat dan jelas serta menggunakan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar.

The problem of labor is one of the key issues in the global era that invokessome important questions concerning value, technicality of being human, and the notionof choice. The idea of labor is closely related to the realization of human?s potentiality inits multidimensional complexity as well as with social structure and national identity ofman. This problem of labor is to do not only with economy, but also with social andpolitical system of a nation. In dealing with labor, there always been a tension betweencapital-owners, laborers, government and even international political power. As a religionthat is said to have made economics its ?curriculum?, Islam does have an ?objectivied?concept of labor represented in a kind of partnership that combines shirkah ?ina>n andija>rah. This partnership necessitates that all parties involved share profit-loss, if any. Inthis way, no party ?be him laborer, capital-owner, or government- is loosing. Moreover,this system offers three advantages, e.g employee-ownership, production-sharing andprofit-sharing.

Community organizations (Ormas) in a country are evidence of the existence of democracy in a country. Indonesia is a constitutional state as well as a democratic state according to Article 1 Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the 1945 Constitution. The existence of mass organizations is recognized and protected in Indonesia as part of the state's recognition of the rights of every citizen to freedom of association and assembly. The dissolution of CSOs carried out without court procedures, according to the author, is a violation of the concept of the rule of law adopted by Indonesia as well as the castration of the rights of association, assembly, and expression of opinion in a democratic country. This study uses a socio-legal approach, with analytical descriptive research methods. Sources of data used are primary data in the form of interviews. The primary legal materials used in this research are the Law on Ormas; and SKB concerning the Prohibition of Activities Using Symbols and Attributes and Termination of FPI Activities. The results of the study stated that the disbandment of mass organizations was politically and ideologically motivated, namely differences in political attitudes and aspirations between Islamic organizations and the government. The dissolution of mass organizations is the impact of the applied procedural democracy. Democracy is not practiced substantially, in a democratic climate, differences in aspirations are a necessity. The disbandment of mass organizations has an impact on disharmony relations between religion and the state, between religious adherents and the government, and has the potential to cause polarization in society. The direct impact of the disbandment of Islamic organizations is the difficulty of building a synergistic relationship between religion and the state, between religious adherents and the government.[]Organisasi kemasyarakatan (Ormas) di suatu negara adalah bukti hidupnya demokrasi di sebuah negara. Indonesia adalah negara hukum sekaligus negara demokrasi sesuai Pasal 1 Ayat 2 dan 3 UUD 1945. Keberadaan Ormas diakui dan dilindungi di Indonesia sebagai bagian bentuk pengakuan negara atas hak setiap warga negara atas kebebasan berserikat dan berkumpul. Pembubaran Ormas yang dilakukan tanpa prosedur pengadilan menurut penulis adalah menyalahi konsep negara hukum yang dianut oleh Indonesia sekaligus pengkebirian hak-hak berserikat, berkumpul, dan menyatakan pendapat di negara demokrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan socio-legal, dengan metode penelitian deskriptif analitis. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer yang berupa hasil wawancara. Bahan hukum primer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah UU tentang Ormas; dan SKB tentang Larangan Kegiatan Penggunaan Simbol dan Atribut Serta Penghentian Kegiatan FPI. Hasil penelitian menyatakan, pembubaran ormas dilatarbelakangi politis dan ideologis, yakni perbedaan pandangan sikap politik dan aspirasi antara ormas Islam dengan pemerintah. Pembubaran ormas merupakan imbas dari demokrasi prosedural yang diterapkan. Demokrasi tidak dipraktikkan secara substansial, dalam iklim demokrasi perbedaan aspirasi adalah keniscayaan. Pembubaran ormas berdampak pada hubungan yang disharmoni antara agama dengan negara, antara pemeluk agama dengan pemerintah, dan berpotensi menimbulkan polarisasi di tengah masyarakat. Dampak langsung dari pembubaran ormas Islam adalah kesulitan membangun relasi sinergi antara agama dengan negara, antara pemeluk agama dengan pemerintah.

تتوافق منظور القانون الدستوري الإسلامي للّدولة الموحّدة بجمهورية إندونيسيا مع مبادئ الدستور الإسلامي، لأن نظام الحكم الذي يتم إدارته قد تضمن مبادئ الدستور الإسلامي مثل المساواة والعدالة والمشاورة والحرية. ويرد المبدأ في المبادئ الخمسة ل لبنجاسيلا (Pancasila). يمكن جهود حزب التحرير اندونيسيا لتشكيل حكومة الخلافة وفقًا لنسختها في الدولة الموحدة لجمهورية إندونيسيا أن تعطل نظام الدولة وأساسها وفلسفتها، ويمكن أن تؤدي إلى تفكك الوطني، ويمكن أن تقضي على التسامح الديني الذي يعد أساسًا في إدارة الدولة الإسلامية. إن ولادة بيربو رقم 2 لعام 2017 لها آثار على إغلاق الفرص (سدّ الذريعة) لمنظمات المجتمعية التي لها تعاليم أو تفاهمات تتعارض مع بنجاسيلا تنمو في الدولة الموحّدة لجمهورية إندونيسيا، و حزب التحرير اندونيسيا هي منظمة محظورة في إندونيسيا. وفقًا للنهج اللاحق، فإن وجود حزب التحرير اندونيسيا يهدد سيادة الدولة، بحيث يقع في فئة مستوى سد الذريعة الذي ينتج عنه بعض التهديدات والمخاطر. لذلك، لتجنب الضرر، فإن البديل عن حل حزب التحرير إندونيسيا هو الخيار الصحيح الذي يجب طرحه.The perspective of Islamic constitutional law, The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is in harmony with the principles of Islamic state administration, because the system of government implemented has embraced the principles of Islamic constitution such as; al-Musâwah (equality), al-'Adâlah (justice), al-Syûrâ (democration), al-Hurriyyah (freedom). The principle is contained in the five precepts of the Panacaila. HTI's efforts to establish a khilafah government according to its version in the Unitary Republic of Indonesia can disrupt the system, basis and philosophy of the State, can result in national disintegration, can eliminate religious tolerance which is substantially the principle in Islamic state administration. The birth of Perppu Number 2 of 2107 has implications for the closure of opportunities (Sadd al-Dzarîah) Community Organizations that have teachings or understandings contrary to Pancasila grow within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and HTI becomes a prohibited organization living in Indonesia. According to the consequentialist approach, the existence of HTI threatens the sovereignty of the State, so that being included in the category of levels of sadd al-dzarîah which has the effect of causing harm and danger therefore, to avoid alternative declarations dissolving HTI is the right choice that must be put forward.

This present article aims at explaining the exchange rate movements in the Pakistani foreign exchange market using the market micro structure approach, which has not been applied to date due to the unavailability of high-frequency data on the order flow for Pakistan. The novelty of the present article is that it uses publicly unavailable micro data obtained from the State Bank of Pakistan and that it employs ARCH/GARCH regression methods in addition to the OLS technique suggested by the existing literature. Strong evidence emerged suggesting that order flow is a key variable that explains the movements in exchange rate over a short term in the case of Pakistan.

Online learning is one of the lessons applied at Wahid Hasyim Middle School. Schools conduct online learning because of government policies. Some schools have implemented an online learning system. Thus the researcher wants to raise a title "Implementation of Islamic Religious Education Online Learning Against Student Learning Outcomes at Wahid Hasyim Junior High School Malang". The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach of case study research. The source of the data is primary data, namely the PAI subject teacher at Wahid Hasyim Middle School. The secondary data source is the school principal Wahid Hasyim. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are data condensation, and conclusions. checking the validity of the data, namely Triangulation is the source. The implementation of online learning on student learning outcomes at Wahid Hasyim Junior High School is in the online learning model used is video. The videos that will be given to students include written and practical materials and assignments. With the learning video, there is a realm in learning which consists of attitudes, knowledge and skills. This area is currently declining but is not an obstacle in learning outcomes because students have textbooks. The inhibiting factors of online learning on student learning outcomes at Wahid Hasyim Middle School are internal and external. supporting factors only contain external factors