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Everyone has various perceptions on the importance of planning. It is very common in the society that planning is the approaches used in the centrally planning system in the past or only developing countries have such plans. In fact, all including developed counties have development plans except that they might be referring to them by different terms/names.
Development plans helps for country to have clear objectives, directions for all to direct their efforts towards the same objectives. Having a good plan will therefore be helpful in reducing or anticipating future risks. It is also the case that development planning provides certainty and improves the quality of decision-making process for all parts of government – from national, regional to local governments – and for the private sector.
There is another important factor that impacts development planning. I am here referring to the importance of effective governance and accountability mechanism when it comes to development planning. Without effective governance, and accountability mechanisms any development agenda will be less successful. Effective governance and accountability mechanism is the bedrock of sustainable development.
How we decide on how best to utilize our resources, or what to prioritize with the limited resources or the order in which to implement our priorities is a function of effective governance. Effective governance is therefore part of the necessary infrastructure needed to achieve the goals and objectives contained in any development plan. Effective governance and accountability mechanisms should be legalized, and implementation should enforce for better results.
Good plan is only as good as its implementation – and without plan implementation it is just as good as not having a plan at all. Evidence-based monitoring and evaluation is therefore a cornerstone of our development planning and implementation. It is imperative that we continuously track our progress, including identifying unexpected circumstances and problems that might hinder our progress.
Монгол Улсын хөгжлийн бодлого төлөвлөлтийн тогтолцооны зарим асуудал
Хураангуй: Хүн бүр төлөвлөлтийн ач холбогдлын талаар янз бүрийн ойлголттой байдаг. Төлөвлөлт гэдэг нь төвлөрсөн төлөвлөлтийн системд буюу урьд өмнө зөвхөн хөгжиж буй орнуудад ийм төлөвлөгөөтэй байсан гэх хандлага юм. Үнэндээ бүх хөгжингүй улс орнууд хөгжлийн өөр төлөвлөгөөтэй, өөр өөрөөр нэрлэсээр ирсэн болно. Хөгжлийн төлөвлөгөө нь улс орнуудад хүчин чармайлтаа ижил зорилгод чиглүүлэхэд чиглэсэн тодорхой зорилт, чиглэлтэй болоход тусалдаг. Тиймээс сайн төлөвлөгөөтэй байх нь ирээдүйн эрсдлийг бууруулах эсвэл урьдчилан харахад тустай болно. Хөгжлийн төлөвлөлт нь үндэсний, бүс нутгийн, орон нутгийн засаг захиргаанаас эхлээд хувийн хэвшлийн бүхий л хэсэгт шийдвэр гаргах үйл явцын чанарыг сайжруулж байгаа явдал юм.
Хөгжлийг төлөвлөхөд нөлөөлдөг бас нэг чухал хүчин зүйл бол үр дүнтэй засаглал, хариуцлагын механизм юм. Үр дүнтэй засаглал, хариуцлагын механизм бол хөгжлийн аливаа хөтөлбөр амжилттай хэрэгжих үндсэн нөхцөл, мөн түүнчлэн тогтвортой хөгжлийн үндэс болдог.
Түлхүүр үг: Монгол Улс, Хөгжлийн бодлогын төлөвлөлтийн тухай хууль, Монгол Улсын Тогтвортой хөгжлийн үзэл баримтлал 2030, төлөвлөлтийн тогтолцоо, зарчим

Everyone has various perceptions on the importance of planning. It is very common in the society that planning is the approaches used in the centrally planning system in the past or only developing countries have such plans. In fact, all including developed counties have development plans except that they might be referring to them by different terms/names. Development plans helps for country to have clear objectives, directions for all to direct their efforts towards the same objectives. Having a good plan will therefore be helpful in reducing or anticipating future risks. It is also the case that development planning provides certainty and improves the quality of decision-making process for all parts of government – from national, regional to local governments – and for the private sector. There is another important factor that impacts development planning. I am here referring to the importance of effective governance and accountability mechanism when it comes to development planning. Without effective governance, and accountability mechanisms any development agenda will be less successful. Effective governance and accountability mechanism is the bedrock of sustainable development. How we decide on how best to utilize our resources, or what to prioritize with the limited resources or the order in which to implement our priorities is a function of effective governance. Effective governance is therefore part of the necessary infrastructure needed to achieve the goals and objectives contained in any development plan. Effective governance and accountability mechanisms should be legalized, and implementation should enforce for better results. Good plan is only as good as its implementation – and without plan implementation it is just as good as not having a plan at all. Evidence-based monitoring and evaluation is therefore a cornerstone of our development planning and implementation. It is imperative that we continuously track our progress, including identifying unexpected circumstances and problems that might hinder our progress. Монгол Улсын хөгжлийн бодлого төлөвлөлтийн тогтолцооны зарим асуудал Хураангуй: Хүн бүр төлөвлөлтийн ач холбогдлын талаар янз бүрийн ойлголттой байдаг. Төлөвлөлт гэдэг нь төвлөрсөн төлөвлөлтийн системд буюу урьд өмнө зөвхөн хөгжиж буй орнуудад ийм төлөвлөгөөтэй байсан гэх хандлага юм. Үнэндээ бүх хөгжингүй улс орнууд хөгжлийн өөр төлөвлөгөөтэй, өөр өөрөөр нэрлэсээр ирсэн болно. Хөгжлийн төлөвлөгөө нь улс орнуудад хүчин чармайлтаа ижил зорилгод чиглүүлэхэд чиглэсэн тодорхой зорилт, чиглэлтэй болоход тусалдаг. Тиймээс сайн төлөвлөгөөтэй байх нь ирээдүйн эрсдлийг бууруулах эсвэл урьдчилан харахад тустай болно. Хөгжлийн төлөвлөлт нь үндэсний, бүс нутгийн, орон нутгийн засаг захиргаанаас эхлээд хувийн хэвшлийн бүхий л хэсэгт шийдвэр гаргах үйл явцын чанарыг сайжруулж байгаа явдал юм. Хөгжлийг төлөвлөхөд нөлөөлдөг бас нэг чухал хүчин зүйл бол үр дүнтэй засаглал, хариуцлагын механизм юм. Үр дүнтэй засаглал, хариуцлагын механизм бол хөгжлийн аливаа хөтөлбөр амжилттай хэрэгжих үндсэн нөхцөл, мөн түүнчлэн тогтвортой хөгжлийн үндэс болдог. Түлхүүр үг: Монгол Улс, Хөгжлийн бодлогын төлөвлөлтийн тухай хууль, Монгол Улсын Тогтвортой хөгжлийн үзэл баримтлал 2030, төлөвлөлтийн тогтолцоо, зарчим

Mongolia combines a near absence of domestic poultry, with an abundance of migratory waterbirds, to create an ideal location to study the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in a purely wild bird system. Here we present the findings of active and passive surveillance for HPAIV subtype H5N1 in Mongolia from 2005-2011, together with the results of five outbreak investigations. In total eight HPAIV outbreaks were confirmed in Mongolia during this period. Of these, one was detected during active surveillance employed by this project, three by active surveillance performed by Mongolian government agencies, and four through passive surveillance. A further three outbreaks were recorded in the neighbouring Tyva Republic of Russia on a lake that bisects the international border. No HPAIV was isolated (cultured) from 7,855 environmental fecal samples (primarily from ducks), or from 2,765 live, clinically healthy birds captured during active surveillance (primarily shelducks, geese and swans), while four HPAIVs were isolated from 141 clinically ill or dead birds located through active surveillance. Two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) were cultured from ill or dead birds during active surveillance, while environmental feces and live healthy birds yielded 56 and 1 LPAIV respectively. All Mongolian outbreaks occurred in 2005 and 2006 (clade 2.2), or 2009 and 2010 (clade 2.3.2.1); all years in which spring HPAIV outbreaks were reported in Tibet and/or Qinghai provinces in China. The occurrence of outbreaks in areas deficient in domestic poultry is strong evidence that wild birds can carry HPAIV over at least moderate distances. However, failure to detect further outbreaks of clade 2.2 after June 2006, and clade 2.3.2.1 after June 2010 suggests that wild birds migrating to and from Mongolia may not be competent as indefinite reservoirs of HPAIV, or that HPAIV did not reach susceptible populations during our study. ; published_or_final_version

Mongolia combines a near absence of domestic poultry, with an abundance of migratory waterbirds, to create an ideal location to study the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in a purely wild bird system. Here we present the findings of active and passive surveillance for HPAIV subtype H5N1 in Mongolia from 2005–2011, together with the results of five outbreak investigations. In total eight HPAIV outbreaks were confirmed in Mongolia during this period. Of these, one was detected during active surveillance employed by this project, three by active surveillance performed by Mongolian government agencies, and four through passive surveillance. A further three outbreaks were recorded in the neighbouring Tyva Republic of Russia on a lake that bisects the international border. No HPAIV was isolated (cultured) from 7,855 environmental fecal samples (primarily from ducks), or from 2,765 live, clinically healthy birds captured during active surveillance (primarily shelducks, geese and swans), while four HPAIVs were isolated from 141 clinically ill or dead birds located through active surveillance. Two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) were cultured from ill or dead birds during active surveillance, while environmental feces and live healthy birds yielded 56 and 1 LPAIV respectively. All Mongolian outbreaks occurred in 2005 and 2006 (clade 2.2), or 2009 and 2010 (clade 2.3.2.1); all years in which spring HPAIV outbreaks were reported in Tibet and/or Qinghai provinces in China. The occurrence of outbreaks in areas deficient in domestic poultry is strong evidence that wild birds can carry HPAIV over at least moderate distances. However, failure to detect further outbreaks of clade 2.2 after June 2006, and clade 2.3.2.1 after June 2010 suggests that wild birds migrating to and from Mongolia may not be competent as indefinite reservoirs of HPAIV, or that HPAIV did not reach susceptible populations during our study.

Abstract
Rapid changes in the global climate are deepening existing health disparities from resource scarcity and malnutrition. Rising ambient temperatures represent an imminent risk to pregnant women and infants. Both maternal malnutrition and heat stress during pregnancy contribute to poor fetal growth, the leading cause of diminished child development in low-resource settings. However, studies explicitly examining interactions between these two important environmental factors are lacking. We leveraged maternal and neonatal anthropometry data from a randomized controlled trial focused on improving preconception maternal nutrition (Women First Preconception Nutrition trial) conducted in Thatta, Pakistan, where both nutritional deficits and heat stress are prevalent. Multiple linear regression of ambient temperature and neonatal anthropometry at birth (n = 459) showed a negative association between daily maximal temperatures in the first trimester and Z-scores of birth length and head circumference. Placental mRNA-sequencing and protein analysis showed transcriptomic changes in protein translation, ribosomal proteins, and mTORC1 signaling components in term placenta exposed to excessive heat in the first trimester. Targeted metabolomic analysis indicated ambient temperature associated alterations in maternal circulation with decreases in choline concentrations. Notably, negative impacts of heat on birth length were in part mitigated in women randomized to comprehensive maternal nutritional supplementation before pregnancy suggesting potential interactions between heat stress and nutritional status of the mother. Collectively, the findings bridge critical gaps in our current understanding of how maternal nutrition may provide resilience against adverse effects of heat stress in pregnancy.