Suchergebnisse

Depuis 2012, plusieurs centaines de milliers de Kurdes de Syrie se sont installés dans la région autonome du Kurdistan d'Irak (RKI), pour certains dans des camps gérés par le Gouvernement régional du Kurdistan (GRK) en lien avec des ONG et des organisations internationales. À partir de 2014, les enfants y ont suivi un enseignement mis en place par le GRK et dispensé en arabe par des professeurs syriens eux-mêmes réfugiés. Cette situation scolaire en perpétuelle évolution est traversée par une double dynamique mêlant le long processus de construction et de pérennisation du système scolaire au Kurdistan d'Irak à la configuration politique et sociale multiforme propre aux réfugiés kurdes de Syrie. À partir d'un terrain mené entre 2015 et 2019 dans trois camps de la région d'Erbil (Kawargosk, Qushtepe, Darashakran), nous tentons de rendre compte de cette situation née de la crise, qui interroge les notions de communautés kurde, syrienne et irakienne à travers la diversité des choix pédagogiques à destination des réfugiés. Au-delà de l'évidence de l'adhésion à l'idéal patriotique kurde, le problème concret du service scolaire aux populations kurdes de Syrie dans la RKI semble révéler des dissensions politiques voire idéologiques profondes.

In general terms, the history of the Kurds in the medieval period—or at least those described as being Kurdish in our sources—has attracted relatively little attention within western academia. Moreover, those scholars who have thought to comment on the subject have in general relied on the work of the eminent Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky. Hence there has been very little re-examination of the Arabic sources which Minorsky consulted. This article constitutes a first attempt to re-examine some of the "historical orthodoxy" regarding the meaning and nature of the term Kurd in the Middle Ages. More precisely, it aims at questionning the work of those scholars who argue that, due to its ambiguous usage, the term Kurd in the medieval period did not denote an ethnic people. This paper argues that in fact the very ambiguity surrounding the term is indicative of its ethnonymic value and through an examination of the meaning of the term Kurd in this era we can gain a greater understanding of conceptions of ethnic difference in Arabo-Muslim sources.

International audience ; Like the knowledge that historians have of all peoples on the fringes (Beduin, Turk, Berber) of the Islamic world, what is known about the Kurds during the medieval period suffers from a monolithic vision that sees far-off places as being "all the same": tribalism, nomadism, castes. The economic and social organization of the land of the Kurds from the 9th to the 15th century is described. A paradigm of the "in-between" prevails geographically, socially, economically and politically. It has given rise to a still existing frontier culture specific to the Kurdish people. By asserting their sovereignty and differences, the tribes and emirs during the Middle Ages helped create a distinct Kurdish space. ; A l'instar de la connaissance que les historiens ont de tous les peuples des confins de l'Islam (Arabes bédouins, Turcs, Berbères), la connaissance que l'on a des Kurdes médiévaux pâtit d'une vision monolithique où, dans un monde éloigné à la fois dans le temps et dans l'espace, tout se vaut : tribalisme, nomadisme, castes. Cet article esquisse l'organisation économique et sociale du territoire des Kurdes à cette époque (IXe-XVe siècle). On verra que, dans tous les cas, le paradigme de « l'entre-deux » s'impose. Cette situation intermédiaire du point de vue géographique, socioéconomique et politique a suscité l'émergence d'une culture frontalière propre aux Kurdes, et ce jusqu'à aujourd'hui. En affirmant leur souveraineté et leur différence, les tribus et les émirs du Moyen Âge ont contribué à créer un espace kurde distinct.

International audience ; Like the knowledge that historians have of all peoples on the fringes (Beduin, Turk, Berber) of the Islamic world, what is known about the Kurds during the medieval period suffers from a monolithic vision that sees far-off places as being "all the same": tribalism, nomadism, castes. The economic and social organization of the land of the Kurds from the 9th to the 15th century is described. A paradigm of the "in-between" prevails geographically, socially, economically and politically. It has given rise to a still existing frontier culture specific to the Kurdish people. By asserting their sovereignty and differences, the tribes and emirs during the Middle Ages helped create a distinct Kurdish space. ; A l'instar de la connaissance que les historiens ont de tous les peuples des confins de l'Islam (Arabes bédouins, Turcs, Berbères), la connaissance que l'on a des Kurdes médiévaux pâtit d'une vision monolithique où, dans un monde éloigné à la fois dans le temps et dans l'espace, tout se vaut : tribalisme, nomadisme, castes. Cet article esquisse l'organisation économique et sociale du territoire des Kurdes à cette époque (IXe-XVe siècle). On verra que, dans tous les cas, le paradigme de « l'entre-deux » s'impose. Cette situation intermédiaire du point de vue géographique, socioéconomique et politique a suscité l'émergence d'une culture frontalière propre aux Kurdes, et ce jusqu'à aujourd'hui. En affirmant leur souveraineté et leur différence, les tribus et les émirs du Moyen Âge ont contribué à créer un espace kurde distinct.

International audience Like the knowledge that historians have of all peoples on the fringes (Beduin, Turk, Berber) of the Islamic world, what is known about the Kurds during the medieval period suffers from a monolithic vision that sees far-off places as being "all the same": tribalism, nomadism, castes. The economic and social organization of the land of the Kurds from the 9th to the 15th century is described. A paradigm of the "in-between" prevails geographically, socially, economically and politically. It has given rise to a still existing frontier culture specific to the Kurdish people. By asserting their sovereignty and differences, the tribes and emirs during the Middle Ages helped create a distinct Kurdish space. ; A l'instar de la connaissance que les historiens ont de tous les peuples des confins de l'Islam (Arabes bédouins, Turcs, Berbères), la connaissance que l'on a des Kurdes médiévaux pâtit d'une vision monolithique où, dans un monde éloigné à la fois dans le temps et dans l'espace, tout se vaut : tribalisme, nomadisme, castes. Cet article esquisse l'organisation économique et sociale du territoire des Kurdes à cette époque (IXe-XVe siècle). On verra que, dans tous les cas, le paradigme de « l'entre-deux » s'impose. Cette situation intermédiaire du point de vue géographique, socioéconomique et politique a suscité l'émergence d'une culture frontalière propre aux Kurdes, et ce jusqu'à aujourd'hui. En affirmant leur souveraineté et leur différence, les tribus et les émirs du Moyen Âge ont contribué à créer un espace kurde distinct.

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.

Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, the Kurds have been mentioned by several authors. According to the texts, these populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. The area or field of action crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting tribal and political space, not an area over which military domination or political sovereignty is necessarily applied. During the twelfth century, Arabic literary sources seem to describe a reduction of what might be called the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This phenomenon follows a political reshuffling born of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers resulting in the emergence of the Ayyubid dynasty. During the Mamluk era, Mongols and Mamluks battled with each other, with the "tribal territory of the Kurds" lying at the boundary of these two entities. This paper will address the problems posed by the textual approach. I will recall the polysemy implied by the word "Kurd" and discuss the question of Kurdish "ethnicity" during the Middle Ages, the criteria for it, and the manifestation of the sense of group belonging. The use made of the words bilâd al-akrâd and zûzân al-akrâd in Arabic medieval literary sources will be analysed. Which space do they designate? What do they imply? I will argue that these designations are not an administrative or a literary abstraction. I will also address another problem: the separation between Zagrosian and Ciszagrosian Kurdish tribal territory that appears in the texts. I will then describe the territorial dynamics and the spatial reorderings of the regions inhabited by the Kurds from the 11th to the 14th century, drawing a map of the Kurdish settlements or nomadic spaces and showing the changes inside a broader social and political configuration. Thanks to al-'Umarî's Masâlik al-Absar which lists many Kurdish tribes, I will discuss the anchoring of these populations and the rebirth of a ...

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.

Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, the Kurds have been mentioned by several authors. According to the texts, these populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. The area or field of action crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting tribal and political space, not an area over which military domination or political sovereignty is necessarily applied. During the twelfth century, Arabic literary sources seem to describe a reduction of what might be called the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This phenomenon follows a political reshuffling born of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers resulting in the emergence of the Ayyubid dynasty. During the Mamluk era, Mongols and Mamluks battled with each other, with the "tribal territory of the Kurds" lying at the boundary of these two entities. This paper will address the problems posed by the textual approach. I will recall the polysemy implied by the word "Kurd" and discuss the question of Kurdish "ethnicity" during the Middle Ages, the criteria for it, and the manifestation of the sense of group belonging. The use made of the words bilâd al-akrâd and zûzân al-akrâd in Arabic medieval literary sources will be analysed. Which space do they designate? What do they imply? I will argue that these designations are not an administrative or a literary abstraction. I will also address another problem: the separation between Zagrosian and Ciszagrosian Kurdish tribal territory that appears in the texts. I will then describe the territorial dynamics and the spatial reorderings of the regions inhabited by the Kurds from the 11th to the 14th century, drawing a map of the Kurdish settlements or nomadic spaces and showing the changes inside a broader social and political configuration. Thanks to al-'Umarî's Masâlik al-Absar which lists many Kurdish tribes, I will discuss the anchoring of these populations and the rebirth of a tribal political anchoring in these regions during the Mamluk period. Lastly, I will try to embrace the subjective dimension of the attachment of the Kurds to a specific territory. Is there evidence of a sense of belonging to this territory? What is the link between the latter and the Kurds in Syria and Egypt?

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.

International audience ; The "tribal territory of the Kurds" and the Iraqi area (X e-XIII e c.) Since the very early stages of Arabic historiography in the ninth century, mention has been made of the Kurds by several authors. These Iranian populations, described as being fierce and rough, lived in the mountainous regions of the Middle East from Fârs to the Taurus. This area crossed by the Kurdish tribes is an always shifting ideal, tribal and political space. During the twelth century, Arabic medieval litterary sources seem to describe a reduction of what we call the "tribal territory of the Kurds". This zone seems to slide westward and to overlap with the "Iraqi space". This phenomena follows a political reshuffling born out of Turkmen infiltrations and the counter-crusades led by the Zankid rulers. ; Dès les prémices de l'historiographie arabe, vers le ix e siècle, les géographes arabes évoquent les Kurdes. Ces populations iraniennes qualifiées de frustes et farouches par les auteurs médiévaux, résident dans les régions montagneuses du Moyen Orient du Fârs au Taurus. Cet espace parcouru par les tribus est un espace idéel, tribal et politique, sans cesse recomposé. Les sources historiographiques semblent montrer au xii e siècle une réduction de ce que nous appelons « le territoire tribal des Kurdes ». Celui-ci semble opérer un glissement vers l'ouest et s'orienter vers l'espace iraqien. Ce phénomène est consécutif à une recomposition politique globale dans la dynamique des infiltrations turcomanes et de la contre-croisade engagée par les souverains zankides. * Université Paris X, Nanterre /IFPO, Damas.