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Working women play a vital role in all fields of lifestyle and are the pillars of society. Women's workforce is the key to economic boom, innovation, research and development, growth and prosperity in modern societies. Globally, governments spend billions of dollars to promote the workforce, to enhance their country's economy and innovation. This research aims to contribute to the knowledge on innovation by working women globally and to investigate how working women affect the process of innovation, using the number of patents and trademarks as innovation indicators. The empirical study adopted a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation and generalized method of moments (GMM) with and without robust standard errors. Panel data of 136 countries for the period 1996–2016 was used. The results of this study show that working women positively and statistically significantly explained the patent and trademark, which is a proxy for innovation with other control variables (per capita income, education, research and development, technology, article, industry, and foreign direct investment). Overall, the findings show that working women have a positive effect on innovation – they exert a positive and significant effect on patents and trademarks. The regression results based on GMM and system GMM (SGMM) show how working women influence trademarks and patents. Specifically, the GMM reveals that the regression coefficients of patent and trademark positively affect innovation, with all variables being positive at the 1% level, indicating that the current level of patent and trademark is positive. This implies that working women have favourable economic participation in innovation. This study contributes to the cross-over of knowledge on innovation and working women and reduces the existing scarcity of information on the subject.

Zaposlene žene sklonije su kompulzivnoj kupovini što može dovesti do značajnog povećanja izdataka za potrošnju kućanstava. U ovom radu istražuje se utjecaj promjene broja zaposlenih žena na potrošnju kućanstva po glavi stanovnika. Testira se hipoteza da promjena u broju zaposlenih žena ima značajan utjecaj na izdatke finalne potrošnje kućanstva per capita, zbog različitih sklonosti potrošnji, a provedena je empirijska analiza temeljena na skupu panel podataka 36 gospodarstava OECD-a u razdoblju 2000. – 2016. Rezultati pokazuju da promjena broja zaposlenih žena povećava rashode kućanstva per capita. Nadalje, rezultati impliciraju da životna dob zaposlenih žena ima vrlo značajnu ulogu u donošenju odluka o potrošnji što može dovesti do značajnih razlika u ukupnim izdacima potrošnje. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na važnost razumijevanja činjenice da promjena broja zaposlenih žena utječe i na planiranje ukupne potrošnje i formuliranje politika gospodarskog rasta. ; Working women have more compulsive buying tendencies which can lead to a significant increase in their household consumption expenditures. This study investigates the effects of changes in the number of working women on household per capita consumption. We test the hypothesis that changes in the number of working women have a discernible impact on household final per capita consumption expenditures, due to their differing consumption propensities, by doing an empirical analysis based on panel data set of 36 OECD economies within the period 2000-2016. The results indicate that changes in the number of working women increase the household per capita consumption expenditures. The result also implies that age plays a significant role in working women consumption decision making and may lead to significant differences in aggregate consumption expenditure. These findings suggest the importance of understanding changes in the number of working women in planning for aggregate consumption mobilization and in the formulation of aggregate growth policies.

PurposeIn the era of knowledge economy, the significance of intellectual capital has been increasing globally. Similarly, recent studies have focused on the importance of green intellectual capital in mitigating environmental degradation. However, only a few studies have analysed green intellectual capital and its impacts in the specific case of Pakistan. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of green intellectual capital on green innovation adoption in Pakistan's manufacturing small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachWe used a data sample of 235 SMEs, gathered from the four manufacturing sectors of Pakistan including: textile, chemical, pharmaceutical and steel and analysed using a multiple regression analysis approach.FindingsThe empirical results of this research indicate that green human capital and green structural capital significantly increase green innovation adoption. However, it must be noted that green relational capital has a positive but insignificant impact on green innovation adoption in manufacturing SMEs in Pakistan.Originality/valueThe findings and recommended policy measures of this study are important for the managers of manufacturing SMEs and policymakers to mitigate environmental destruction and achieve sustainable development through green intellectual capital.