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This empirical study investigates the determinants of self-employment propensity of Polish and Romanian immigrants in Germany. The German economy is an important object of analysis, as it is the most important destination for international migrants in the European Union. In the paper, we use the recently collected M sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel to examine which personal, country of birth-specific socio-economic and cultural factors influence the self-employment propensity of immigrants. The results of binominal logit regression show that the Central European migrants exhibit different self-employment propensity than migrants from former Yugoslavia, Russian and Kazakhstan, Turkey and Italy, with the self-employment aversion especially strong among Romanians. These differences remain substantial even after controlling for social and human capital endowment of the individuals. This study offers important policy recommendations, showing the potential obstacles in encouraging entrepreneurial activity of immigrants. This topic is becoming increasingly important with the current migration crisis in the EU, caused by intensive inflow of asylum-seeking foreigners in 2015.

The socio-economic adaptation of immigrants in Europe is the source of great concern both to experts and policy-makers. The literature on the subject regards the traditional approach to measuring the adaptation of foreigners to the host country, invloving the use of indicators such as full-time employment or income level, as insufficient, and advocates a more diversified and inclusive approach. Our study answers this call by taking into account the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of individuals (life satisfaction scores) while researching the socioeconomic adaptation of immigrants in Europe. The main aim of the study is to empirically assess the socio-economic adaptation of firstgeneration immigrants and persons with immigrant background (i.e. those who have at least one immigrant parent) in European states. To this end, we analyse the determinants of the SWB based on the data from the European Social Survey conducted in 2018 in 29 European countries on the population aged 15+. In our model, we use the religious affiliation and religiosity of individuals as an additional measure of cultural identity. We also take into account control variables such as labour market participation, education, marital status and disability. We apply Ordinary Least Squares regression, a method commonly used in analyses of this type. We find that the first-generation immigrant status does not impact directly on the SWB, i.e. the life satisfaction scores of foreign-born persons are similar to those of the local community. What has a more significant influence is the immigrnats' religious affiliation: Muslims are the religious group dissatisfied with life to the largest extent. Yet, their life satisfaction increases considerably among the second-generation immigrants, i.e. persons who have at least one foreign-born parent. Therefore, our results confirm that the new generation of Muslims with immigrant background born in European host countries is better adapted to the socioeconomic conditions than their parents' generation or native Muslims.

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest analiza polityk migracyjnych zastosowanych przez wybrane państwa w okresie pandemii COVID-19 w perspektywie porównawczej.
PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem badawczym jest odpowiedź poszczególnych rządów na wybuch pandemii COVID-19 i wdrożenie polityk migracyjnych w Niemczech, Stanach Zjednoczonych, Arabii Saudyjskiej i Kolumbii w trakcie kryzysu zdrowotnego. Podjęto próbę oceny starań władz państwowych w ujęciu porównawczym. Przeanalizowano działania skierowane nie tylko na recepcję cudzoziemców czy ewentualne zamknięcie granic, ale także na potencjalną adaptację imigrantów i ich dostęp do służby zdrowia w krajach przyjmujących.
PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części rozważań przedstawiono wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na globalne przepływy migracyjne. Następnie dokonano analizy polityk migracyjnych realizowanych w okresie pandemii COVID-19 w wybranych krajach.
WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Analiza wykazała znaczące różnice między badanymi krajami – podczas gdy Stany Zjednoczone i Arabia Saudyjska przyjęły strategię restrykcyjną, Republika Federalna Niemiec kierowała się pragmatyzmem, Kolumbia zaś przyjęła zaskakująco liberalny kurs. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na określenie sposobów reagowania państw przyjmujących imigrantów na kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 oraz ocenę efektywności przyjętych strategii.
WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Model kolumbijski, mimo stosunkowo hojnego i liberalnego podejścia do imigrantów, okazał się najmniej efektywny z uwagi na słabość instytucjonalną tego państwa, szczególnie w zakresie jakości systemu opieki zdrowotnej. Należy również pamiętać, że pandemia COVID-19 trwa nadal, a nowy kryzys uchodźczy w Europie wywołany agresją rosyjską na Ukrainę tworzy nowe wyzwania w tym zakresie.

This article analyzes the impact of (un)happiness on the international migration decision. It uses a rich longitudinal household-level database, the Polish Social Diagnosis, to identify migration intentions, as well as subsequent actual migration, allowing us to overcome the issue of reverse causality present in previous studies of the nexus between happiness and migration. In addition, we assess the role of individual and household levels of happiness on migration behaviors and find that unhappy individuals from unhappy households are significantly more likely to declare their intentions to migrate abroad. In terms of actual migration, however, the unhappiness push significantly affects the odds of international migration only for selected subgroups, such as women and employed individuals. For other individuals, the unhappiness-induced migration plans remain mostly unrealized. Our article shows that push and pull factors, including happiness, might exert heterogenous effects on migration intentions and actual realizations. As a consequence, migration scholars should be careful when drawing conclusions on the determinants of actual migration behaviors by looking at determinants of migration intentions.

AbstractThis article contributes to the rapidly growing literature on transnational immigrant entrepreneurship by analyzing the determinants of transnational entrepreneurial engagement among immigrants in the ICT sector in Italy. We investigate which factors influence the rise or decline of transnational entrepreneurial involvement with a home country. Our results indicate that longer residence in Italy is associated with smaller propensity to become a transnational entrepreneur. Moreover, we find that the type of transnational ties and the network size have a substantial impact on the dynamics of transnational entrepreneurial engagement.

This empirical study investigates the determinants of self-employment propensity of Polish and Romanian immigrants in Germany. The German economy is an important object of analysis, as it is the most important destination for international migrants in the European Union. In the paper, we use the recently collected M sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel to examine which personal, country of birth-specific socio-economic and cultural factors influence the self-employment propensity of immigrants. The results of binominal logit regression show that the Central European migrants exhibit different self-employment propensity than migrants from former Yugoslavia, Russian and Kazakhstan, Turkey and Italy, with the self-employment aversion especially strong among Romanians. These differences remain substantial even after controlling for social and human capital endowment of the individuals. This study offers important policy recommendations, showing the potential obstacles in encouraging entrepreneurial activity of immigrants. This topic is becoming increasingly important with the current migration crisis in the EU, caused by intensive inflow of asylum-seeking foreigners in 2015.

This empirical study investigates the determinants of self-employment propensity of Polish and Romanian immigrants in Germany. The German economy is an important object of analysis, as it is the most important destination for international migrants in the European Union. In the paper, we use the recently collected M sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel to examine which personal, country of birth-specific socio-economic and cultural factors influence the self-employment propensity of immigrants. The results of binominal logit regression show that the Central European migrants exhibit different self-employment propensity than migrants from former Yugoslavia, Russian and Kazakhstan, Turkey and Italy, with the self-employment aversion especially strong among Romanians. These differences remain substantial even after controlling for social and human capital endowment of the individuals. This study offers important policy recommendations, showing the potential obstacles in encouraging entrepreneurial activity of immigrants. This topic is becoming increasingly important with the current migration crisis in the EU, caused by intensive inflow of asylum-seeking foreigners in 2015.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of contributors -- PART I: Introduction -- 1. Introduction: migration and ethnic challenges for the Circumpolar North -- PART II: Youth perspective in the Arctic -- 2. The impact of superdiversity on the educational system: a mirror image of utopia or dystopia? -- 3. Syrian students at the Arctic Circle in Iceland -- 4. Immigrant youth perspectives: understanding challenges and opportunities in Finnish Lapland -- PART III: Family and diversity challenges -- 5. Migrant integration in Finland: learning processes of immigrant women -- 6. An integral assessment of relevant perspectives of legal pluralism and the family laws of immigrants -- 7. Living in nowhere -- PART IV: Human rights and indigenous communities in the Arctic -- 8. Embodying transience: indigenous former youth in care and residential instability in Yukon, Canada -- 9. Cold temperature health risks and human rights -- PART V: Migration and development issues in the Arctic -- 10. Mixed embeddedness of immigrant entrepreneurs and community resilience: lessons for the Arctic -- 11. Migration and sustainable development in the European Arctic -- Index.

Almost eight million Ukrainians have fled their country to escape the Russian full-scale invasion. To provide empirical evidence on how beneficiaries of temporary protection who reside in the immediate proximity of Ukraine differ from those who went further and reside in Western European countries, two large-scale rapid-response surveys were conducted in Kraków, Poland, and Vienna, Austria, in spring 2022. Data include information on socio-demographic characteristics, human capital, and return intentions of 472 and 1,094 adult Ukrainian refugees in Poland and Austria, respectively. Contributing to the growing empirical evidence on consistent assortative patterns in refugee inflows into Europe, our findings show that regularities in patterns of self-selection also occur in forced migration contexts where legal routes to safety apply. According to the analysed convenience sample, a tentative conclusion is that the further Ukrainian refugees moved to the West, the more self-selected they tend to be in the key dimensions of formal educational attainment, previous employment, language skills, and urbanity. Results indicate that willingness to stay in Kraków is significantly lower than willingness to remain in Vienna. This suggests that public financial support and living conditions, rather than diaspora networks, are decisive factors in shaping the decision to stay, move to another location or return to Ukraine. The aim to start a new life elsewhere may drive the motivation to choose a more distant destination instead of a neighboring country that allows to return rather quickly. Host countries should be aware of these specific characteristics of their refugee populations and adapt their integration policies accordingly.

Global Migration, Entrepreneurship and Societyseeks to develop a much-needed theoretical and policy-related set of writings that can cast light on the workings and complexities of processes of global migration, entrepreneurship and societal integration.

In the field of business and management, the core concept associated with migration sees "difference and distance" as liabilities, whether they are national, cultural, geographic, or semantic. While existing research is valuable, recently it has been suggested that an emphasis on liabilities and adverse outcomes associated with such differences may hinder our understanding of the conditions that help to leverage the value of diversity in a wide range of contexts. Global Migration, Entrepreneurship and Society seeks to explore these seemingly interconnected processes, offering a safe space to critically examine the specific political contexts of excluded groups and develop a much-needed theoretical and policy-related set of writings that can cast light on the workings and complexities of processes of global migration, entrepreneurship and societal integration.