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THIS ARTICLE COMPARES TWO MEASURES OF PARTY SYSTEM CHANGE, PRESENTED IN ARTICLES BY BOSE AND PEDERSEN IN THIS SAME ISSUE, BY APPLYING THEM TO DATA FROM TEN PARTY SYSTEMS. THE PROPERTIES OF THESE TWO MEASURES ARE ANALYZED; AND IT IS SUGGESTED THAT MORE ATTENTION BE GIVEN TO LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF PARTY SYSTEMS OVER LONGER PERIODS OF TIME.

"Today's Republican Party is hardly recognizable as the party of Lincoln, Teddy Roosevelt, and Eisenhower. Radical changes to it were sparked by presidential nominee Barry Goldwater and led by presidents Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump. It opposes big government policies around income inequalities, social inequalities, health care, the environment, and climate change, because such policies might infringe on personal freedom. Whereas in 1953, Eisenhower told Congress that Social Security was "an essential part of our economic and social life," Goldwater in 1960 wrote that its 6-percent tax "compels millions of individual to postpone until later years the enjoyment of wealth they might otherwise enjoy today." In The Republican Evolution, political scientist Kenneth Janda documents the evolution of the Republican Party's purported philosophies by considering thousands of party planks voted on during Republican National Conventions since before the Civil War. It describes the Republican Party's experience over three different historical eras. The party's illustrious Nationalism era lasted from 1860 to 1924, during which Republicans emphasized "order" over "anarchy." In their Neoliberalism era from 1928 to 1960, Republicans downplayed government, favoring the individual over the state. In 1964, the party entered an era of Ethnocentrism, demeaning national government and favoring white Christians over others. In this era, Republicans acted increasingly as a social tribe catering to their dwindling base. Today, the party operates in reverse, opposing national government while sowing sectionalism by pursuing the Democrats' old "states' rights" philosophy"--

Stability and change in the American polity -- Partisan identities -- Party organization and social groupings -- Region : once primary, now secondary -- Income : slight, steady, and increasing difference -- Urbanization : shifting effects -- Education : incremental reversal -- Religion : important and in flux -- Ethnicity : dwindling whites -- Ideology : partisan cause or partisan effect? -- Reviewing the survey data -- Baneful effects -- Donald Trump's last hurrah.