Suchergebnisse

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine agricultural trade competitiveness of EU candidate countries (CCs) and Eastern Partnership countries (EPCs) compared to Polish agriculture, based on available 1992–2017 EUROSTAT and FAOSTAT data. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper uses selected indicators of trade competitiveness. Findings: The study attempts to tell which of the countries covered are in a position to become competitive in European Union (EU) markets. As shown by the calculated competitiveness indicators, compared to Polish agriculture (which is competitive in respect of many agri-food products), some of the countries surveyed are also likely to become competitive players in the Union market. Due to increasing specialization indicator, Belarus and Ukraine are well positioned to become competitive in the dairy market. The market for cereals is dominated by three countries: Moldova, Ukraine and Serbia which demonstrate high levels of SI, CR and XRCA. In turn, the largest group of countries covered by this analysis specialize in fruit and vegetable exports, and are likely to attain the highest competitiveness levels in that very market. Practical Implications: The study of the foreign trade competitiveness using statistical methods is an important element in testing economic theories in the field of competitiveness research in the CCs and EPCs and it shows which countries may become competitive in the future in the EU market. Originality/Value: Showing the importance of foreign trade in the CCs and EPCs with the EU we can observe its impact on the future integration process of the CCs and EPCs. The results of the research are important from the point of view of the contribution to the economy of European integration, both in theoretical and empirical terms, but above all in the field of sectoral policy, which is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A comprehensive approach to the subject of research and its multidirectional nature, as well as the obtained results will be important both for the agricultural policy of the studied countries, as well as for the CAP and for the Polish agriculture. ; peer-reviewed

Purpose: The article compares the processes of convergence and divergence in labour productivity in the agricultural sector of the EU candidates (CCs), the Eastern Partnership countries (EPCs) and the EU member-states. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis includes calculations of the convergence indicators and additionally dynamics and mean annual rate of variation. Findings: The study attempts to illustrate whether we are dealing with convergence or divergence processes in terms of labor productivity both among CCs and EPCs as well as CCs, EPCs and EU countries. As shown by the calculated convergence indicators during the period under study the agricultural sector of the CCs and the EPCs was slowly adapting to labour productivity in the EU-28. However, simultaneously there was divergence among the CCs and the EPCs in the indicator under study. The research revealed that changes in this indicator were influenced both by the increase in gross value added and reduction of employment in the agricultural sector. Practical Implications: The study of the convergence process in labour productivity using statistical methods is an important element in testing economic theories in the field of convergence research in the CCs and EPCs and it shows which countries may become competitive in the future in the EU market. Originality/Value: Showing the importance of convergence process in labour productivity in the CCs and EPCs with the EU we can observe its impact on the future integration process of the CCs and EPCs. The results of the research are important from the point of view of the contribution to the economy of European integration, both in theoretical and empirical terms, but above all in the field of sectoral policy, which is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A comprehensive approach to the subject of research and its multidirectional nature, as well as the obtained results will be important both for the agricultural policy of the studied countries, as well as for the CAP and for the Polish agriculture. ; peer-reviewed

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview -- Case Study -- People with Intellectual Disabilities -- Common Characteristics -- Evolving Science, Evolving Social Perspectives -- Defining Developmental Intellectual Disabilities -- Labelling/Euphemism Treadmill -- Sociological Influences -- Definitions in Current Use -- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition -- International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition -- American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities -- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act -- Social Security Disability Insurance -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Causes and Symptoms -- Case Study -- Introduction -- Genetics -- Autosomal Dominant -- Autosomal Recessive -- Others -- X-Linked Inheritance -- Mitochondrial Disorders -- Metabolic Syndromes -- Micro-Deletion Syndromes -- Multifactorial and Polygenetic Causes -- Environmental Causes -- Advances in Practice -- Advances in Technology, Screening, and Description of Behaviours -- Behavioural Phenotypes -- Genetic Testing -- Genetic Screening and Testing -- Finding a Cure or Cause -- Translating Basic Science to Classroom and Therapy -- Team Membership -- Medical -- Clinical Genetics -- Genetic Counselling -- Psychology -- Education -- Research -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Medical Issues, Therapies, and Treatments -- Case Study -- Introduction -- General Health -- Syndrome-Specific Conditions -- Specialized Healthcare -- Common Medications for Treatment of Intellectual Disabilities -- Nootropics -- Stimulants -- Antipsychotic Medications -- Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists -- Diet and Nutrition -- General -- Specialize Dietary Needs -- Supplements -- Proposed Dietary Therapies -- Therapeutic Interventions -- Occupational Therapy.

Demographic changes can be observed all over the world. The number of seniors located in the societies of well-developed countries continues to rise. Both enterprises and governments need to be prepared for such changes. Consequently, public spaces need to evolve to reduce problems related to ageism and be friendly to all. Much attention is currently being paid to finding solutions for redesigning public spaces and adjusting them to the needs and requirements of senior citizens. To identify the preferences of seniors in relation to the characteristics of furniture in indoor public spaces, a survey study with 1539 respondents aged 60+ was conducted in Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Sweden. The gathered data were coded and implemented to the unified database. The statistical grouping method was used to recognize the characteristics of the needs and attitudes of seniors related to the use of public space furniture. The main variables taken into consideration in the analysis were the age and gender of respondents and their country of living. Among the most important findings are those indicating the necessity to provide the increased number of furniture for sitting in the public spaces and making sure they are not located too far away from each other. As the main disadvantages of public space furniture respondents indicated the lack of armrests or other solutions to facilitate getting up and/or sitting down, as well as profiled backrests that constitute solid support for the spine. The implementation of these data in the process of rethinking and redesigning public spaces may support the adaptation of indoor public furniture according to the requirements of a very large group of customers, namely, seniors.

Demographic changes can be observed all over the world. The number of seniors located in the societies of well-developed countries continues to rise. Both enterprises and governments need to be prepared for such changes. Consequently, public spaces need to evolve to reduce problems related to ageism and be friendly to all. Much attention is currently being paid to finding solutions for redesigning public spaces and adjusting them to the needs and requirements of senior citizens. To identify the preferences of seniors in relation to the characteristics of furniture in indoor public spaces, a survey study with 1539 respondents aged 60+ was conducted in Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Sweden. The gathered data were coded and implemented to the unified database. The statistical grouping method was used to recognize the characteristics of the needs and attitudes of seniors related to the use of public space furniture. The main variables taken into consideration in the analysis were the age and gender of respondents and their country of living. Among the most important findings are those indicating the necessity to provide the increased number of furniture for sitting in the public spaces and making sure they are not located too far away from each other. As the main disadvantages of public space furniture respondents indicated the lack of armrests or other solutions to facilitate getting up and/or sitting down, as well as profiled backrests that constitute solid support for the spine. The implementation of these data in the process of rethinking and redesigning public spaces may support the adaptation of indoor public furniture according to the requirements of a very large group of customers, namely, seniors. ; CC BY 4.0 © 2021 Fabisiak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. beata.fabisiak@up.poznan.pl This examined issues constitute a part of the project: BaltSe@nioR 2.0: Innovative solutions to support BSR in providing more senior - friendly public spaces due to increased capacity of BSR companies and public institutions. This work was part-financed by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund and European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument) within INTERREG Baltic Sea Region Programme. The paper was partially financed within the framework of Ministry of Science and Higher Education programme 'Regional Initiative of Excellence' in years 2019-2022, Project No. 005/RID/2018/19. "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."