Suchergebnisse

The key purpose of this research paper is to explore the moderating effect of Corporate Governance on the relationship between accounting base financial performance i.e. ROA, and ROE and Capital Structure of 173 Manufacturing firms listed in KSE of Pakistan for the period of 2009 to 2014. In this study multiple regression method is used under fixed effect regression model approach on panel data. The empirical results show that the inclusion of Corporate Governance Index (CGI) as moderating variable has influenced the interaction between Capital Structure and Financial Performance which was positively significant. The result is generally found that the most of Pakistani manufacturing listed firms pursue good corporate governance mechanism and use good and optimal level of Capital Mix to get the better and high financial performance. Furthermore, the corporate governance sub-indices i.e. board structure (BOD-I) and transparency & disclosure (DISC-III) both also have positive and statistically significant association with both firms performance variables: ROA and ROE. Moreover, the ownership structure sub-index (OWS-II) has not significant influence on financial performance. In last, the capital structure also has positive relationship with financial performance, interestingly about 70 per cent of Capital is financed by Equity capital and the Debt capital signifies 30 per cent only. The core significance of this paper is to investigate the impact of Corporate Governance practices on financial decisions from the Pakistani perspective.

Background: Obesity is an emerging problem in Pakistan. The authors sought to determine prevalence of obesity and malnutrition in school-going children, from grades 6(th) to 8(th) of different schools of Karachi and assess associations that affect the weight of the children. Methodology/Principal Findings: A cross sectional Study Design with children studying in grades 6(th) to 8(th) grade, in different schools of Karachi. We visited 10 schools of which 4 consented, two subsidized government schools and two private schools. A questionnaire was developed in consultation with a qualified nutritionist. Height and weight were measured on calibrated scales. A modified BMI criterion for Asian populations was used. Data was collected from 284 students. Of our sample, 52% were found to be underweight whereas 34% of all the children were normal. Of the population, 6% was obese and 8% overweight. Of all obese children, 70% belonged to the higher socio-economic status (SES) group, while of the underweight children, 63.3% were in the lower SES. Amongst obese children in our study, 65% ate meat every day, compared to 33% of normal kids. Conclusion: Obesity and undernutrition co-exist in Pakistani school-children. Our study shows that socio-economic factors are important since obesity and overweight increase with SES. Higher SES groups should be targeted for overweight while underweight is a problem of lower SES. Meat intake and lack of physical activity are some of the other factors that have been highlighted in our study.`

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen which has increased both morbidity and mortality in hospitals and out-door patients. Objective: Aim of our study is to measure prevalence of MRSA in in-door patients and out- door patients, as well as its sensitivity against gentamycin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Methods: A sample of 194 S. aureus was taken retrospectively from Pathology lab of a tertiary care hospital. MRSA was identified and further subjected against gentamycin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Result: 65.9% of S. aureus isolates were MRSA. 22.7%, 35.7%, 99.1% of MRSA were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and vancomycin, respectively. 75.8% MRSA was from pus samples. 66% MRSA was from in-door patient department (IPD). Conclusion: MRSA was more prevalent in IPD. MRSA prevalence is escalating. Vancomycin is losing its effectiveness against MRSA as one resistant case was found. Inappropriate use and unprofessional prescriptions for antibiotics can be the main cause. Proper legislative action is required to keep in control the prescriptions for antibiotics.

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen which has increased both morbidity and mortality in hospitals and out-door patients.Objective: Aim of our study is to measure prevalence of MRSA in in-door patients and out- door patients, as well as its sensitivity against gentamycin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Methods: A sample of 194 S. aureus was taken retrospectively from Pathology lab of a tertiary care hospital. MRSA was identified and further subjected against gentamycin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. Result: 65.9% of S. aureus isolates were MRSA. 22.7%, 35.7%, 99.1% of MRSA were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and vancomycin, respectively. 75.8% MRSA was from pus samples. 66% MRSA was from in-door patient department (IPD).Conclusion: MRSA was more prevalent in IPD. MRSA prevalence is escalating. Vancomycin is losing its effectiveness against MRSA as one resistant case was found. Inappropriate use and unprofessional prescriptions for antibiotics can be the main cause. Proper legislative action is required to keep in control the prescriptions for antibiotics. Keywords: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterial drug resistance, Antimicrobial drugs