Suchergebnisse

The Servant Sisters of St. Mary of the Cross, like many other religious congregations, tried to create the best possible conditions for the comprehensive development of their pupils. One should also emphasize their great role in forming and maintaining the Polish Catholic spirit in children from families that often converted to the Greek Catholic rite. The high quality of the sisters' educational, teaching, and caring work is evidenced by the conclusions of various inspection reports made by Church and civil authorities. From the very beginning of their existence, the orphanages carried out tasks in accordance with the concept of Edmund Bojanowski, above all protecting children from moral corruption, spreading the Christian model of life, defending and strengthening national culture. Zealous concern for the best possible realization of these goals was also evident in Eastern Lesser Poland, despite the fact that the time after the end of the Great War was not an easy one, and the population of the area struggled with many economic difficulties. The work of Servant Sisters resulted in trust of the environment in which the institutions of the Congregation were operating and caused that for decades the orphanages run by the Sisters had a strong position among other care and educational institutions. The present article is a continuation of the research presented in the previous issue, but the time span of the article concerns the period between 1918 and 1939, so it shows the development of the activities of the day-care centres and the specificity of their functioning in the interwar period. It is important to note that the period 1918-1939 was a time when the conditions of the sisters' work were much different than in the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the restoration of independence came the need to adapt their work to the standards issued in this regard by the competent state authorities. A new institution called kindergarten was introduced and the issue of having appropriate qualifications and competences to work in particular care and educational institutions was raised.

In the vast majority of establishments, the relations between the sisters and the local community were correct or good. They were valued for their dedication, modesty, diligence and perseverance. Huge hopes were placed everywhere about their work in nurseries. It was hoped that the orphanage would not only be a place of care for abandoned, neglected and deprived of Christian upbringing children, but also contribute to raising the spiritual level of parishioners. The vast majority of the orphanages were an exemplary example of cooperation between the handmaid sisters and their parents, founders, as well as local clergy and residents. From the very beginning, the sisters gained the respect and trust of the local population. This was evidenced by the large number of children attending nurseries and the help in running the work in various situations. The sisters' first contact with the inhabitants took place right after their arrival or during the blessing of the orphanage. The ceremony was an opportunity to present the sisters, explain the purpose of their activities and present the benefits of the operation of the nursery. It was also supposed to shape a positive image of the sisters among the local population, so that they could perform their duties more effectively and not encounter obstacles on the part of the inhabitants. In the vast majority of establishments, the relations between the sisters and the local community were good or very good. They were valued for their dedication, modesty, hard work and perseverance. It was expected that the orphanage would not only be a place of care for abandoned, neglected and deprived of Christian upbringing children, but also contribute to raising the spiritual level of parishioners. In addition, their duties included caring for the sick, catechizing school children, working with youth associated in associations, and church work. During World War I, orphanages played a special role. In the face of the threat, the orphanage was a place where inhabitants sought shelter, help or just comfort at any time of the day. Risking their lives, the sisters hid priests and other people wanted by the Russian soldiers stationed in the town There is no doubt that their ministry was an expression of responsibility for the fate of the child and, in a broader perspective, for the religious and moral condition of the entire society.

Copulas are mathematical objects that fully capture the dependence structure among random variables and hence offer great flexibility in building multivariate stochastic models. Since their introduction in the early 1950s, copulas have gained considerable popularity in several fields of applied mathematics, especially finance and insurance. Today, copulas represent a well-recognized tool for market and credit models, aggregation of risks, and portfolio selection. Historically, the Gaussian copula model has been one of the most common models in credit risk. However, the recent financial crisis has underlined its limitations and drawbacks. In fact, despite their simplicity, Gaussian copula models severely underestimate the risk of the occurrence of joint extreme events. Recent theoretical investigations have put new tools for detecting and estimating dependence and risk (like tail dependence, time-varying models, etc) in the spotlight. All such investigations need to be further developed and promoted, a goal this book pursues. The book includes surveys that provide an up-to-date account of essential aspects of copula models in quantitative finance, as well as the extended versions of talks selected from papers presented at the workshop in Cracow.

AbstractChinese investment in Africa has stimulated debate. Africa needs foreign investment for its economic development. China assists other developing economies. However, Chinese investment focuses more on expropriating colonized wealth and failed to provide the same legal property.

The Roman fort of Apsaros in Gonio (Adjara, Georgia) still holds answers to many issues connected with the Roman military presence on the Chorokhi river in ancient Colchis. In 2014, a Polish team joined the Georgian expedition to carry out excavation in two sectors directly east of the centrally located principia. The sites were chosen based on a study of the results of geophysical prospection carried out in 2012. Two phases, dated to the early and late Roman periods respectively, were recorded. The early Roman architecture was interpreted as part of the installations and structures of a large bathhouse ( balneae ), including a mosaic floor in one of the rooms. The building was destroyed at least twice, most likely in a catastrophic fire. The article discusses the stratigraphy and the dating of the early Roman balneae based on glass artifacts and coins. ; Oskar Kubrak