Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe dawn of the twenty-first century confronts Western democracies with a racialized class problem. The globalization of capitalism—mass geographic movement of peoples, capital, and markets on scales unprecedented since the Atlantic slave trade—has brought poor migrants into affluent nations. Migrants' descendants are replicating conditions associated with poor Blacks. Affluent Western democracies are hurtling toward biplural stratification defined by a multiracial underclass. Racialized class stratification stems from economic policies. Capitalist democracies' edifice of social policies—sanctioning expectations of rising prosperity, welfare "safety nets" for minimal consumption, low-wage migration policies—erroneously assumed that jobs and wages would continuously grow to absorb expanding populations. Overuse of low-wage migration policies commodified work relations in low-skilled jobs. Acculturated to demand affluent living standards and egalitarian human relations, educationally deprived descendants of migrants find commodified work regimens repellent. Despite large populations of jobless natives, some maintain that affluent democracies need more migrants to do the jobs that natives won't do. But jobless youth are alienated and prone to agency, as riots in England, the United States, and, more recently, France and other areas of Europe suggest. To avert the solidification of biplural societies, social policy must slow rates of migration from low living-standard economies, expand minimum wages and income transfers to working-citizen households, and provide documented immigrants clear avenues to citizenship. This agenda is more likely to succeed in the United States, where minority voting strength is gathering considerable momentum.

Challenges the view that reductions in the employment of less-skilled Americans during recent decades are the result of a deterioration in work values. Rather, the key determinants have been deteriorating earnings opportunities & the poor's assimilation of mainstream values. Urbanization facilitates less-skilled workers' assimilation of preferences for high standards of living & egalitarian interpersonal relations found in advanced economic democracies. The rewards received in the competition for jobs become major affirmations or denials of the validity of self-perceptions. Demand for public respect induces people to avoid jobs perceived to be demeaning even as the proportion of such jobs increases. The discussion draws on scientific data as well as personal documents (autobiography & rap music) to construct subject-centered analyses of behavior. The data enrich the contextual basis for explaining behaviors of low-status men labeled the "malcontented.". 16 References. Adapted from the source document.

This two-volume reference seeks to capture the ways in which the tenets and foundations of African American culture have given rise to today's society. Approaching the field from a "street level" perspective, these two volumes cover topics of universal interest in America: rap music, sports, television, cinema, racism, religion, literature, and much more. The Encyclopedia of African American Society is also the first comprehensive yet accessible reference set in this field to give voice to the turbulent historical trends-slavery, segregation, "separate but equal"-that are often ignored in fav

A Common Destiny -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Conclusions -- SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS -- Blacks and Whites in a Changing Society -- Determinants of Black Status -- A RECORD OF THE STATUS OF BLACK AMERICANS -- Attitudes, Participation, Identity, and Institutions -- Political Participation -- Economic Status -- Schooling -- Health -- Crime and Criminal Justice -- Children and Families -- THE FUTURE: ALTERNATIVES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- Blacks' Status in the Near Future -- Residential Segregation -- Income and Poverty -- Policy Alternatives -- Black Perspectives -- CONCLUSION -- 1 Overview: Then and Now -- CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN BLACK-WHITE STATUS SINCE 1940 -- The Baseline Cohort -- The Most Recent Cohort -- Uneven Changes -- DATA, FINDINGS, AND INTERPRETATIONS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS -- Study Methods -- Determinants of Black Status -- Interpreting Data -- Explaining Black-White Differences -- Residential Segregation and Its Effects -- Description of the Report -- REFERENCES -- NOTE -- 2 Black Participation in American Society -- THE BASELINE PERIOD: 1935-1945 -- Social Relations Under Jim Crow -- Migration and Urbanization -- Rising Black Protest -- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SINCE 1945 -- The Military -- Desegregation of the Armed Forces -- The Modern Military -- Public Schools -- Trends in School Desegregation -- Effects of School Desegregation -- Resegregation Within Desegregated Schools -- Blacks, Whites, and School Desegregation -- PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND WORK ENVIRONMENTS -- Workplaces -- Labor Unions and Equal Employment -- RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION -- Metropolitan Areas -- Neighborhoods -- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL LIFE SINCE 1945 -- Churches And Religious Life -- Organized Sports -- ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 Racial Attitudes and Behavior.

The real and potential impact of immigration policy decisions on African Americans is profound. Yet policy makers today lack systematic knowledge of crucial social, political, and economic issues relating to the formulation of wise immigration policies, charges the editor of this book. Gerald D. Jaynes argues that little is known about important questions regarding the relations and attitudes between African Americans and minority immigrant groups, the impact of recent immigration trends on the socioeconomic status of poor African Americans, the comparative social positions of Asian Americans and Latinos, and many other related topics. In this book, the editor and thirteen other distinguished contributors consider how the large-scale influx of immigrants in recent times has affected African American communities and racial and ethnic relations. The insights about conflicts and competition derived from the work of these authors are vital to those who formulate immigration policies--policies that directly affect the well-being of the disadvantaged and indeed all Americans.Contributors: Frank D. Bean, Bruce Cain, Thomas E. Cavanagh, Thomas J. Espenshade, Michael Fix, Mark A. Fossett, John A. Garcia, Gerald D. Jaynes, Claire Jean Kim, Douglas S. Massey, Kyung Tae Park, Peter H. Schuck, Carole Uhlaner, and Wendy Zimmerman