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Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Background to Keywords in the Press -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Cultural and statistical keywords -- 1.3 Analytical and theoretical background -- 1.4 The keywords of the Blair years project -- 1.5 Summary and structure of the book -- Chapter 2: Methods and Data -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Corpus construction -- 2.3 Finding the sociopolitical keywords of the Blair years -- 2.4 Contextual investigation of the keywords -- 2.5 Chapter summary and concluding remarks -- Chapter 3: Sultans of Spin -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Spinning statistics -- 3.3 Spin in context -- 3.4 The semantics of spin in the Blair years -- 3.5 Spin: Summary and concluding remarks -- Chapter 4: Choice is the Word of the Hour -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Previous research on choice -- 4.3 Choice and its meanings -- 4.4 Choice as a mass noun in the Blair and Major Corpora -- 4.5 Choice in public services -- 4.6 Choice and scare quotes -- 4.7 Summary and conclusions - choice as a political absolute -- Chapter 5: The Immense Possibilities of the Word Reform -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The basics of reform -- 5.3 Reform in context -- 5.4 Reform - summary and conclusions -- Chapter 6: The Impact of Living in a More Global World -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The meaning and political importance of global -- 6.3 Statistics of global in the Blair and Major Corpora -- 6.4 Semantic analysis of the co-text of global -- 6.5 Semantic categorization results -- 6.6 Discussion of semantic categories -- 6.7 Global - summary and conclusions -- Chapter 7: A Breeding Ground for Terror -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Terror and its meanings -- 7.3 Statistics of terror -- 7.4 Terror as a premodifier -- 7.5 Terror as a postmodifier -- 7.6 Modified and unmodified terror -- 7.7 Terror - summary and conclusions

In this article we report on a corpus-based study of the lexical item 'choice'. 'Choice' was previously found to be a keyword inJeffries and Walker's (2012) study of political discourse from the New Labour years, occurring more frequently in newspaper articles during that period (1998–2007) than in those dating from the years in which John Major was Prime Minister (1990–1997). The current project investigates the use of 'choice' in British general election manifestos between 1900 and 2010. We first of all carry out a quantitative study of the use of 'choice' by the three main UK political parties across this time period, before undertaking a qualitative study of the use of the word in context. Our approach is informed by work in lexical meaning and critical stylistics, and demonstrates how 'choice' has taken on new semantic meanings in a political context.

The Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict presents a range of linguistic approaches as a means for examining the nature of communication related to conflict. Divided into four sections, the Handbook critically examines text, interaction, languages and applications of linguistics in situations of conflict. Spanning 30 chapters by a variety of international scholars, this Handbook: includes real-life case studies of conflict and covers conflicts from a wide range of geographical locations at every scale of involvement (from the personal to the international), of every timespan (from the fleeting to the decades-long) and of varying levels of intensity (from the barely articulated to the overtly hostile) sets out the textual and interactional ways in which conflict is engendered and in which people and groups of people can be set against each other considers what linguistic research has brought, and can bring, to the universal aim of minimising the negative effects of outbreaks of conflict wherever and whenever they occur. The Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict is an essential reference book for students and researchers of language and communication, linguistics, peace studies, international relations and conflict studies.

Introduction: the origins of the Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict / Lesley Jeffries and Jim O'Driscoll -- Section 1: Text in conflict: 1. Introduction: textual choice and communication in conflict / Lesley Jeffries -- 2. Discursive (re)construction of the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War in op/ed pieces: dialectics of argument and rhetoric / Ahmed Sahlane -- 3. Stark choices and brutal simplicity: the blunt instrument of constructed opposition in news editorials / Matt Davies -- 4. Projecting your 'opponent''s views: linguistic negation and the potential for conflict / Lisa Nahajec -- 5. Ideological positioning in conflict: the United States and Egypt's domestic political trajectory / Gibreel Sadeq Alaghbary -- 6. Homosexuality in Latvian and Polish parliamentary debates 1994-2013: a historical approach to conflict in political discourse / Joanna Chojnicka -- 7. Conflict and categorisation: a corpus and discourse study of naming participants in forced migration / Charlotte Taylor -- 8. Hate speech: conceptualisations, interpretations and reactions / Sharon Millar -- Section 2: Interaction in conflict: 9. Introduction / Jim O'Driscoll -- 10. Conflict, disagreement and (im)politeness / Maria Sifianou -- 11. Offence and conflict talk / Michael Haugh and Valeria Sinkeviciute -- 12. Conflict interaction: insights from Conversation Analysis Phillip Glenn -- 13. Conflict in political discourse: conflict as congenital to political discourse / Petter Bull and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen -- 14. Discourse features of disputing in small claims hearings / Karen Tracy and Danielle M. Hodge -- 15. Leadership in conflict: disagreement and consensus negotiation in a start-up team / Christian J. Schmitt and Rosina Marquez-Reiter -- 16. Interaction and conflict in digital communication / Sage L. Graham -- Section 3: Languages in conflict: 17. Introduction: conflict with the stuff of language / Jim O'Driscoll -- 18. Ethnicity, conflict and language choice: the case of northern Ghana / Paul Kerswill and Edward Salifu Mahama -- 19. Language and conflict in the Mapuche context / Robbie Felix Penman -- 20. Linguistic Landscape as an arena of conflict: language removal, exclusion and ethnic identity construction in Lithuania / Irina Moore -- 21. 'You are shamed for speaking it or for not speaking it good enough': the paradoxical status of Spanish in the US Latino community / Pilar G. Blitvich -- 22. Hate crimes: language, vulnerability and conflict / Kamran Khan -- 23. Language ideologies in conflict at the workplace / Julia de Bres and Anne Franziskus -- Section 4: Linguistics in conflict: 24. Introduction: the potential for Linguistics to change conflict in the 'real' world / Lesley Jeffries -- 25. The value of linguistics in assessing potential threats in an airport setting / Dawn Archer, Cliff Lansley and Aaron Garner -- 26. Threatening contexts: an examination of threatening language from linguistic, legal and law enforcement perspectives / Tammy Gales -- 27. Talk in mediation: metaphors in acrimonious talk / Madeline M. Maxwell and Scott V. Anderson -- 28. Conflicts of policy and self-representation in the UK asylum process / Rachel Hanna -- 29. On agency, witnessing and surviving: interpreters in situations of violent conflict / Rebecca Tipton -- 30. The Irish language in Belfast: the role of a language in post-conflict resolution / Marcus Mac Coinnigh, Linda Ervine and Pol Deeds -- Afterword / Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse -- Index.

The Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict presents a range of linguistic approaches as a means for examining the nature of communication related to conflict. Divided into four sections, the handbook critically examines text, interaction, languages and applications of linguistics in situations of conflict. Spanning 30 chapters by a variety of international scholars, this handbook: includes real-life case studies of conflict and covers conflicts from a wide range of geographical locations at every scale of involvement (from the personal to the international), of every timespan (from the fleeting to the decades-long) and of varying levels of intensity (from the barely articulated to the overtly hostile) sets out the textual and interactional ways in which conflict is engendered and in which people and groups of people can be set against each other considers what linguistic research has brought, and can bring, to the universal aim of minimising the negative effects of outbreaks of conflict wherever and whenever they occur. The Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict is an essential reference book for students and researchers of language and communication, linguistics, peace studies, international relations and conflict studies.

Introduction: the origins of the Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict / Lesley Jeffries and Jim O'Driscoll -- Section 1: Text in conflict: 1. Introduction: textual choice and communication in conflict / Lesley Jeffries -- 2. Discursive (re)construction of the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War in op/ed pieces: dialectics of argument and rhetoric / Ahmed Sahlane -- 3. Stark choices and brutal simplicity: the blunt instrument of constructed opposition in news editorials / Matt Davies -- 4. Projecting your 'opponent''s views: linguistic negation and the potential for conflict / Lisa Nahajec -- 5. Ideological positioning in conflict: the United States and Egypt's domestic political trajectory / Gibreel Sadeq Alaghbary -- 6. Homosexuality in Latvian and Polish parliamentary debates 1994-2013: a historical approach to conflict in political discourse / Joanna Chojnicka -- 7. Conflict and categorisation: a corpus and discourse study of naming participants in forced migration / Charlotte Taylor -- 8. Hate speech: conceptualisations, interpretations and reactions / Sharon Millar -- Section 2: Interaction in conflict: 9. Introduction / Jim O'Driscoll -- 10. Conflict, disagreement and (im)politeness / Maria Sifianou -- 11. Offence and conflict talk / Michael Haugh and Valeria Sinkeviciute -- 12. Conflict interaction: insights from Conversation Analysis Phillip Glenn -- 13. Conflict in political discourse: conflict as congenital to political discourse / Petter Bull and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen -- 14. Discourse features of disputing in small claims hearings / Karen Tracy and Danielle M. Hodge -- 15. Leadership in conflict: disagreement and consensus negotiation in a start-up team / Christian J. Schmitt and Rosina Marquez-Reiter -- 16. Interaction and conflict in digital communication / Sage L. Graham -- Section 3: Languages in conflict: 17. Introduction: conflict with the stuff of language / Jim O'Driscoll -- 18. Ethnicity, conflict and language choice: the case of northern Ghana / Paul Kerswill and Edward Salifu Mahama -- 19. Language and conflict in the Mapuche context / Robbie Felix Penman -- 20. Linguistic Landscape as an arena of conflict: language removal, exclusion and ethnic identity construction in Lithuania / Irina Moore -- 21. 'You are shamed for speaking it or for not speaking it good enough': the paradoxical status of Spanish in the US Latino community / Pilar G. Blitvich -- 22. Hate crimes: language, vulnerability and conflict / Kamran Khan -- 23. Language ideologies in conflict at the workplace / Julia de Bres and Anne Franziskus -- Section 4: Linguistics in conflict: 24. Introduction: the potential for Linguistics to change conflict in the 'real' world / Lesley Jeffries -- 25. The value of linguistics in assessing potential threats in an airport setting / Dawn Archer, Cliff Lansley and Aaron Garner -- 26. Threatening contexts: an examination of threatening language from linguistic, legal and law enforcement perspectives / Tammy Gales -- 27. Talk in mediation: metaphors in acrimonious talk / Madeline M. Maxwell and Scott V. Anderson -- 28. Conflicts of policy and self-representation in the UK asylum process / Rachel Hanna -- 29. On agency, witnessing and surviving: interpreters in situations of violent conflict / Rebecca Tipton -- 30. The Irish language in Belfast: the role of a language in post-conflict resolution / Marcus Mac Coinnigh, Linda Ervine and Pol Deeds -- Afterword / Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse -- Index.

Introduction: the origins of the Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict / Lesley Jeffries and Jim O'Driscoll -- Section 1: Text in conflict: 1. Introduction: textual choice and communication in conflict / Lesley Jeffries -- 2. Discursive (re)construction of the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War in op/ed pieces: dialectics of argument and rhetoric / Ahmed Sahlane -- 3. Stark choices and brutal simplicity: the blunt instrument of constructed opposition in news editorials / Matt Davies -- 4. Projecting your 'opponent''s views: linguistic negation and the potential for conflict / Lisa Nahajec -- 5. Ideological positioning in conflict: the United States and Egypt's domestic political trajectory / Gibreel Sadeq Alaghbary -- 6. Homosexuality in Latvian and Polish parliamentary debates 1994-2013: a historical approach to conflict in political discourse / Joanna Chojnicka -- 7. Conflict and categorisation: a corpus and discourse study of naming participants in forced migration / Charlotte Taylor -- 8. Hate speech: conceptualisations, interpretations and reactions / Sharon Millar -- Section 2: Interaction in conflict: 9. Introduction / Jim O'Driscoll -- 10. Conflict, disagreement and (im)politeness / Maria Sifianou -- 11. Offence and conflict talk / Michael Haugh and Valeria Sinkeviciute -- 12. Conflict interaction: insights from Conversation Analysis Phillip Glenn -- 13. Conflict in political discourse: conflict as congenital to political discourse / Petter Bull and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen -- 14. Discourse features of disputing in small claims hearings / Karen Tracy and Danielle M. Hodge -- 15. Leadership in conflict: disagreement and consensus negotiation in a start-up team / Christian J. Schmitt and Rosina Marquez-Reiter -- 16. Interaction and conflict in digital communication / Sage L. Graham -- Section 3: Languages in conflict: 17. Introduction: conflict with the stuff of language / Jim O'Driscoll -- 18. Ethnicity, conflict and language choice: the case of northern Ghana / Paul Kerswill and Edward Salifu Mahama -- 19. Language and conflict in the Mapuche context / Robbie Felix Penman -- 20. Linguistic Landscape as an arena of conflict: language removal, exclusion and ethnic identity construction in Lithuania / Irina Moore -- 21. 'You are shamed for speaking it or for not speaking it good enough': the paradoxical status of Spanish in the US Latino community / Pilar G. Blitvich -- 22. Hate crimes: language, vulnerability and conflict / Kamran Khan -- 23. Language ideologies in conflict at the workplace / Julia de Bres and Anne Franziskus -- Section 4: Linguistics in conflict: 24. Introduction: the potential for Linguistics to change conflict in the 'real' world / Lesley Jeffries -- 25. The value of linguistics in assessing potential threats in an airport setting / Dawn Archer, Cliff Lansley and Aaron Garner -- 26. Threatening contexts: an examination of threatening language from linguistic, legal and law enforcement perspectives / Tammy Gales -- 27. Talk in mediation: metaphors in acrimonious talk / Madeline M. Maxwell and Scott V. Anderson -- 28. Conflicts of policy and self-representation in the UK asylum process / Rachel Hanna -- 29. On agency, witnessing and surviving: interpreters in situations of violent conflict / Rebecca Tipton -- 30. The Irish language in Belfast: the role of a language in post-conflict resolution / Marcus Mac Coinnigh, Linda Ervine and Pol Deeds -- Afterword / Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse -- Index.

Introduction: the origins of the Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict / Lesley Jeffries and Jim O'Driscoll -- Section 1: Text in conflict: 1. Introduction: textual choice and communication in conflict / Lesley Jeffries -- 2. Discursive (re)construction of the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War in op/ed pieces: dialectics of argument and rhetoric / Ahmed Sahlane -- 3. Stark choices and brutal simplicity: the blunt instrument of constructed opposition in news editorials / Matt Davies -- 4. Projecting your 'opponent''s views: linguistic negation and the potential for conflict / Lisa Nahajec -- 5. Ideological positioning in conflict: the United States and Egypt's domestic political trajectory / Gibreel Sadeq Alaghbary -- 6. Homosexuality in Latvian and Polish parliamentary debates 1994-2013: a historical approach to conflict in political discourse / Joanna Chojnicka -- 7. Conflict and categorisation: a corpus and discourse study of naming participants in forced migration / Charlotte Taylor -- 8. Hate speech: conceptualisations, interpretations and reactions / Sharon Millar -- Section 2: Interaction in conflict: 9. Introduction / Jim O'Driscoll -- 10. Conflict, disagreement and (im)politeness / Maria Sifianou -- 11. Offence and conflict talk / Michael Haugh and Valeria Sinkeviciute -- 12. Conflict interaction: insights from Conversation Analysis Phillip Glenn -- 13. Conflict in political discourse: conflict as congenital to political discourse / Petter Bull and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen -- 14. Discourse features of disputing in small claims hearings / Karen Tracy and Danielle M. Hodge -- 15. Leadership in conflict: disagreement and consensus negotiation in a start-up team / Christian J. Schmitt and Rosina Marquez-Reiter -- 16. Interaction and conflict in digital communication / Sage L. Graham -- Section 3: Languages in conflict: 17. Introduction: conflict with the stuff of language / Jim O'Driscoll -- 18. Ethnicity, conflict and language choice: the case of northern Ghana / Paul Kerswill and Edward Salifu Mahama -- 19. Language and conflict in the Mapuche context / Robbie Felix Penman -- 20. Linguistic Landscape as an arena of conflict: language removal, exclusion and ethnic identity construction in Lithuania / Irina Moore -- 21. 'You are shamed for speaking it or for not speaking it good enough': the paradoxical status of Spanish in the US Latino community / Pilar G. Blitvich -- 22. Hate crimes: language, vulnerability and conflict / Kamran Khan -- 23. Language ideologies in conflict at the workplace / Julia de Bres and Anne Franziskus -- Section 4: Linguistics in conflict: 24. Introduction: the potential for Linguistics to change conflict in the 'real' world / Lesley Jeffries -- 25. The value of linguistics in assessing potential threats in an airport setting / Dawn Archer, Cliff Lansley and Aaron Garner -- 26. Threatening contexts: an examination of threatening language from linguistic, legal and law enforcement perspectives / Tammy Gales -- 27. Talk in mediation: metaphors in acrimonious talk / Madeline M. Maxwell and Scott V. Anderson -- 28. Conflicts of policy and self-representation in the UK asylum process / Rachel Hanna -- 29. On agency, witnessing and surviving: interpreters in situations of violent conflict / Rebecca Tipton -- 30. The Irish language in Belfast: the role of a language in post-conflict resolution / Marcus Mac Coinnigh, Linda Ervine and Pol Deeds -- Afterword / Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse -- Index.