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We report on multicolor photometry of long GRB080603B afterglow from BOOTES-1B and BOOTES-2. The optical afterglow has already been reported to present a break in the optical lightcurve at 0.12 ± 0.2 days after the trigger. We construct the lightcurve and the spectral energy distribution and discuss the nature of the afterglow.

The report reviews and analyses the EU policies that have direct and indirect impacts on multifunctionality. Subjects of the analysis are the Enlargement, Cohesion and Rural Development policies, and relevant financial instruments IPA, ERDF, SFs. Based on an in-depth litterature review of the multifunctionality concept, an original methodology of impact analysis is provided. Assessment and appraisal of multifunctionality is conducted at two levels NUTS2 and NUTS3, relying on a 4 steps approach: Elaboration of an assessment matrix covering policy measures and areas of impact; Identification of areas of potential impact in the economic, social and environment domains; Assessment of potential impact of EU policies on multifunctionality based on three possible values; Calculation of the potential impact and ranking of policy measures/submeasures by ABC method (inventory management method that categorizes items in terms of importance). The report underlines that the implementation of EU policies on national and regional levels focuses on coherent regional development, achievement of relevant regional competitiveness and sustainability. The evaluation of EU policies in rural areas shows that some degrees of symbiosis and/or overlaps are at work. Despite the existence of a common framework, a large diversity and complexity of measures and actions is experienced between countries and regions. The analysis on the potential effects of the policies on the multifunctional character of the activities shows the domains of action supposed to have the greatest influence in terms of multifonctionality. Moreover, it highlights the differences between countries due to their specificity. For scenarios design and stakeholder participation, the report provides a list of domains of intervention to be considered for the different instruments and countries. ; Le rapport passe en revue et analyse les politiques européennes qui ont des effets directs ou indirects sur la multifonctionnalité. Les objets analysés sont les politiques d'élargissement, de Cohésion, de Développement Rural ainsi que les instruments financiers en jeu -IPA, ERDF, SFs. S'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature sur le concept de multifonctionnalité, une méthode originale est proposée. L'évaluation et l'estimation de la multifonctionnalité sont conduites à deux échelles - NUTS2 and NUTS3, et s'appuient sur une approche en 4 phases ; Elaboration d'une matrice d'évaluation couvrant les mesures des politiques et les domaines d'impact; Identification des domaines d'impact potentiel sur les trois piliers économique, social et environnemental; Evaluation de l'impact potentiel des politiques sur la multifonctionnalité basée sur 3 niveaux possibles; Calcul de l'impact potentiel et hiérarchisation des mesures et sous-mesures par la méthode ABM. Le rapport souligne que la mise en ½uvre des politiques aux échelles nationales et régionales converge vers un développement régional cohérent et l'accomplissement d'une compétitivité et d'une durabilité régionale pertinentes. L'évaluation des politiques européennes en zones rurales montre que des degrés de synergie et/ou de recouvrement sont présents. Malgré l'existence d'un cadre commun, une grande diversité de mesures et d'actions est expérimentée selon les pays ou les régions. L'analyse des effets potentiels des politiques sur le caractère multifonctionnel des activités révèle les domaines d'intervention qui sont supposés avoir la plus grande influence en terme de multifonctionnalité. Par ailleurs, elle identifie les différences entre pays dues à leur spécificité. Le rapport propose une liste de domaines d'intervention utile pour le développement de scénarios et la mobilisation des parties prenantes.

The report reviews and analyses the EU policies that have direct and indirect impacts on multifunctionality. Subjects of the analysis are the Enlargement, Cohesion and Rural Development policies, and relevant financial instruments IPA, ERDF, SFs. Based on an in-depth litterature review of the multifunctionality concept, an original methodology of impact analysis is provided. Assessment and appraisal of multifunctionality is conducted at two levels NUTS2 and NUTS3, relying on a 4 steps approach: Elaboration of an assessment matrix covering policy measures and areas of impact; Identification of areas of potential impact in the economic, social and environment domains; Assessment of potential impact of EU policies on multifunctionality based on three possible values; Calculation of the potential impact and ranking of policy measures/submeasures by ABC method (inventory management method that categorizes items in terms of importance). The report underlines that the implementation of EU policies on national and regional levels focuses on coherent regional development, achievement of relevant regional competitiveness and sustainability. The evaluation of EU policies in rural areas shows that some degrees of symbiosis and/or overlaps are at work. Despite the existence of a common framework, a large diversity and complexity of measures and actions is experienced between countries and regions. The analysis on the potential effects of the policies on the multifunctional character of the activities shows the domains of action supposed to have the greatest influence in terms of multifonctionality. Moreover, it highlights the differences between countries due to their specificity. For scenarios design and stakeholder participation, the report provides a list of domains of intervention to be considered for the different instruments and countries. ; Le rapport passe en revue et analyse les politiques européennes qui ont des effets directs ou indirects sur la multifonctionnalité. Les objets analysés sont les politiques d'élargissement, de Cohésion, de Développement Rural ainsi que les instruments financiers en jeu -IPA, ERDF, SFs. S'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature sur le concept de multifonctionnalité, une méthode originale est proposée. L'évaluation et l'estimation de la multifonctionnalité sont conduites à deux échelles - NUTS2 and NUTS3, et s'appuient sur une approche en 4 phases ; Elaboration d'une matrice d'évaluation couvrant les mesures des politiques et les domaines d'impact; Identification des domaines d'impact potentiel sur les trois piliers économique, social et environnemental; Evaluation de l'impact potentiel des politiques sur la multifonctionnalité basée sur 3 niveaux possibles; Calcul de l'impact potentiel et hiérarchisation des mesures et sous-mesures par la méthode ABM. Le rapport souligne que la mise en ½uvre des politiques aux échelles nationales et régionales converge vers un développement régional cohérent et l'accomplissement d'une compétitivité et d'une durabilité régionale pertinentes. L'évaluation des politiques européennes en zones rurales montre que des degrés de synergie et/ou de recouvrement sont présents. Malgré l'existence d'un cadre commun, une grande diversité de mesures et d'actions est expérimentée selon les pays ou les régions. L'analyse des effets potentiels des politiques sur le caractère multifonctionnel des activités révèle les domaines d'intervention qui sont supposés avoir la plus grande influence en terme de multifonctionnalité. Par ailleurs, elle identifie les différences entre pays dues à leur spécificité. Le rapport propose une liste de domaines d'intervention utile pour le développement de scénarios et la mobilisation des parties prenantes.

The report reviews and analyses the EU policies that have direct and indirect impacts on multifunctionality. Subjects of the analysis are the Enlargement, Cohesion and Rural Development policies, and relevant financial instruments IPA, ERDF, SFs. Based on an in-depth litterature review of the multifunctionality concept, an original methodology of impact analysis is provided. Assessment and appraisal of multifunctionality is conducted at two levels NUTS2 and NUTS3, relying on a 4 steps approach: Elaboration of an assessment matrix covering policy measures and areas of impact; Identification of areas of potential impact in the economic, social and environment domains; Assessment of potential impact of EU policies on multifunctionality based on three possible values; Calculation of the potential impact and ranking of policy measures/submeasures by ABC method (inventory management method that categorizes items in terms of importance). The report underlines that the implementation of EU policies on national and regional levels focuses on coherent regional development, achievement of relevant regional competitiveness and sustainability. The evaluation of EU policies in rural areas shows that some degrees of symbiosis and/or overlaps are at work. Despite the existence of a common framework, a large diversity and complexity of measures and actions is experienced between countries and regions. The analysis on the potential effects of the policies on the multifunctional character of the activities shows the domains of action supposed to have the greatest influence in terms of multifonctionality. Moreover, it highlights the differences between countries due to their specificity. For scenarios design and stakeholder participation, the report provides a list of domains of intervention to be considered for the different instruments and countries. ; Le rapport passe en revue et analyse les politiques européennes qui ont des effets directs ou indirects sur la multifonctionnalité. Les objets analysés sont les politiques ...

Pi of the Sky is a system of robotic telescopes designed for observations of short timescale astrophysical phenomena, e.g. prompt optical GRB emissions. The apparatus is designed to monitor a large fraction of the sky with 12–13 m range and time resolution of the order of 1–10 seconds. In October 2010 the first unit of the new Pi of the Sky detector system was successfully installed in the INTA El Arenosillo Test Centre in Spain. We also moved our prototype detector from Las Campanas Observatory to San Pedro de Atacama Observatory in March 2011. The status and performance of both detectors is presented.

Context. Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) give us the chance to study both their extreme physics and the star-forming galaxies in which they form. Aims. GRB 100418A, at a redshift of z = 0.6239, had a bright optical and radio afterglow, and a luminous star-forming host galaxy. This allowed us to study the radiation of the explosion as well as the interstellar medium of the host both in absorption and emission. Methods. We collected photometric data from radio to X-ray wavelengths to study the evolution of the afterglow and the contribution of a possible supernova (SN) and three X-shooter spectra obtained during the first 60 h. Results. The light curve shows a very fast gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB100418A; supernovae: individual: GRB100418A; galaxies: dwarf; ISM: abundances; ISM: kinematics and dynamicsoptical rebrightening, with an amplitude of ∼3 magnitudes, starting 2.4 h after the GRB onset. This cannot be explained by a standard external shock model and requires other contributions, such as late central-engine activity. Two weeks after the burst we detect an excess in the light curve consistent with a SN with peak absolute magnitude M = -18.5 mag, among the faintest GRB-SNe detected to date. The host galaxy shows two components in emission, with velocities differing by 130 km s, but otherwise having similar properties. While some absorption and emission components coincide, the absorbing gas spans much higher velocities, indicating the presence of gas beyond the star-forming regions. The host has a star formation rate of SFR = 12.2 M yr, a metallicity of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.55, and a mass of 1.6⊙ ×⊙ 10 M. Conclusions. GRB 100418A is a member of a class of afterglow light curves which show a steep rebrightening in the optical during the first day, which cannot be explained by traditional models. Its very faint associated SN shows that GRB-SNe can have a larger dispersion in luminosities than previously seen. Furthermore, we have obtained a complete view of the host of GRB 100418A owing to its spectrum, which contains a remarkable number of both emission and absorption lines.© ESO 2018. ; AdUP, CCT, KB, DAK, LI, and ZC acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity under grant number AYA 2014-58381-P; in addition, AdUP and CCT from Ramon y Cajal fellowships (RyC-2012-09975 and RyC-2012-09984). DAK also acknowledges financial support from Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion fellowship IJCI-2015-26153. RF acknowledges support from European Regional Development Fund-Project >Engineering applications of microworld physics> (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000766). IB, IKh, RB, and SM acknowledge TUBITAK, IKI, KFU, and AST for partial support in using RTT150. This work was partially funded by the subsidy 3.6714.2017/8.9 allocated to Kazan Federal University for the state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities. TK acknowledges support from the DFG cluster of excellence >Origin and Structure of the Universe>. PS acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. RSR acknwoledges support from ASI (Italian Space Agency) through Contract n. 2015-046-R.0 and from European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under the AHEAD project (grant agreement n. 654215). The Cosmic Dawn Center is funded by the DNRF. Based on observations made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), installed in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, in the island of La Palma. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. This work is based on observations carried out under project number U051 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. The UKIRT data were pipeline processed at the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit, and are archived at the Wide Field Astronomy Unit at the Royal Observatory Edinburgh This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester.

We present the extensive follow-up campaign on the afterglow of GRB 110715A at 17 different wavelengths, from X-ray to radio bands, starting 81 s after the burst and extending up to 74 d later. We performed for the first time a GRB afterglow observation with the ALMA observatory. We find that the afterglow of GRB 110715A is very bright at optical and radio wavelengths. We use the optical and near-infrared spectroscopy to provide further information about the progenitor's environment and its host galaxy. The spectrum shows weak absorption features at a redshift z = 0.8225, which reveal a host-galaxy environment with low ionization, column density, and dynamical activity. Late deep imaging shows a very faint galaxy, consistent with the spectroscopic results. The broad-band afterglow emission is modelled with synchrotron radiation using a numerical algorithm and we determine the best-fitting parameters using Bayesian inference in order to constrain the physical parameters of the jet and the medium in which the relativistic shock propagates. We fitted our data with a variety of models, including different density profiles and energy injections. Although the general behaviour can be roughly described by these models, none of them are able to fully explain all data points simultaneously. GRB 110715A shows the complexity of reproducing extensive multiwavelength broad-band afterglow observations, and the need of good sampling in wavelength and time and more complex models to accurately constrain the physics of GRB afterglows. ; RSR is grateful to SEPE for financial support while finishing this work and his PhD thesis. RSR, SRO, AJCT, YDH, SJ, and JCT acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government projects AYA 2009- 14000-C03-01 and AYA 2012-39727-C03-01. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project No. CE110001020. AdUP and CT acknowledge support from Ramon´ y Cajal fellowships and from the Spanish research project AYA 2014-58381. JJ acknowledges financial contribution from the grant PRIN MIUR 2012 201278X4FL 002 'The Intergalactic Medium as a probe of the growth of cosmic structures'. DAK acknowledges the financial support by MPE Garching and TLS Tautenburg. Part of the funding for GROND (both hardware as well as personnel) was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). PS and TK acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to P. Schady from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. AU is grateful for travel funding support through the Max-Planck Inst. for Extraterrestrial Physics. SK and ANG acknowledge support by DFG grant Kl 766/16-1. This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester. Facilities: This publication is based on data acquired with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) under program 087.F- 9301(A). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00001.E. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This publication is based on data acquired with the VLT/Xshooter under program 087.A-0055(C), as well as with VLT/FORS2 under program 091.A-0703(A). ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

The ejecta composition is an open question in gamma-ray burst (GRB) physics . Some GRBs possess a quasi-thermal spectral component in the time-resolved spectral analysis , suggesting a hot fireball origin. Others show a featureless non-thermal spectrum known as the Band function , consistent with a synchrotron radiation origin and suggesting that the jet is Poynting-flux dominated at the central engine and probably in the emission region as well . There are also bursts showing a sub-dominant thermal component and a dominant synchrotron component , suggesting a probable hybrid jet composition . Here, we report an extraordinarily bright GRB 160625B, simultaneously observed in gamma-ray and optical wavelengths, whose prompt emission consists of three isolated episodes separated by long quiescent intervals, with the durations of each sub-burst being approximately 0.8 s, 35 s and 212 s, respectively. Its high brightness (with isotropic peak luminosity L ≈ 4 × 10 erg s) allows us to conduct detailed time-resolved spectral analysis in each episode, from precursor to main burst and to extended emission. The spectral properties of the first two sub-bursts are distinctly different, allowing us to observe the transition from thermal to non-thermal radiation between well-separated emission episodes within a single GRB. Such a transition is a clear indication of the change of jet composition from a fireball to a Poynting-flux-dominated jet. ; B.-B.Z. thanks Y.-Z. Fan, Y.-Z. Wang, H. Wang, K. D. Alexander and D. Lazzati for helpful discussions. We are grateful to K. Hurley, I. Mitrofanov, A. Sanin, M. Litvak and W. Boynton for the use of Mars Odyssey data in the triangulation. We acknowledge the use of the public data from the Swift and Fermi data archives. B.-B. Z. and A.J. C.-T. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry Projects AYA2012-39727-C03-01 and AYA2015-71718-R. Part of this work made use of B.-B.Z.'s personal Interactive Data Language (IDL) code library ZBBIDL and personal Python library ZBBPY. The computation resources used in this work are owned by Scientist Support LLC. B.Z. acknowledges NASA NNX14AF85G and NNX15AK85G for support. Z. G. D. acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC) (grant 11573014). Y.-D. H. acknowledges support by China Scholarships Council (grant 201406660015). Mini-MegaTORTORA belongs to Kazan Federal University, and the work is performed according to the Russian Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan Federal University. A. P., E.M., P. M. and A.V. are grateful to the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 17-02-01388) for partial support. A. P. and S.B.P. acknowledge joint BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) grant RFBR 17-52-80139 and 388-ProFChEAP for partial support. R. I. is grateful to grant RUSTAVELI FR/379/6300/ 14 for partial support. Observations on Mini-MegaTORTORA are supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-50-00043). A.V.F. and A. M. thank the Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-50-00043). L.M. and A.F.Z. acknowledge support from INTA-CEDEA ESAt personnel hosting the Pi of the Sky facility at the BOOTES-1 station. H. G. and X.-Y.W. acknowledge NSFC (grants 11603003 and 11625312, respectively). Z. G. D., X.-F. W., B.Z., X.-Y. W.,L.S. and F.-W.Z. are also supported by the 973 program (grant 2014CB845800). F.-W.Z. is also supported in part by the NSFC (grants U1331101 and 11163003), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (grant 2013GXNSFAA019002) and the project of outstanding young teachers' training in higher education institutions of Guangxi. L.S. acknowledges support by the NSFC (grant 11103083) and the Joint NSFC-ISF Research Program (grant 11361140349). S.O. acknowledges the support of the Leverhulme Trust. S.J. acknowledges support from Korea Basic Science Research Program through NRF-2014R1A6A3A03057484 and NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961, and I. H. P. through NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870 and NRF-2015R1A2A1A15055344. R. A., D. F. and D. S. acknowledge support from RSF (grant 17-12-01378). A. K. acknowledges the Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan (grant 0075/GF4).

Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Context. The tenuous nitrogen (N2) atmosphere on Pluto undergoes strong seasonal effects due to high obliquity and orbital eccentricity, and has recently (July 2015) been observed by the New Horizons spacecraft. Aims. The main goals of this study are (i) to construct a well calibrated record of the seasonal evolution of surface pressure on Pluto and (ii) to constrain the structure of the lower atmosphere using a central flash observed in 2015. Methods. Eleven stellar occultations by Pluto observed between 2002 and 2016 are used to retrieve atmospheric profiles (density, pressure, temperature) between altitude levels of ∼5 and ∼380 km (i.e. pressures from ∼10 μbar to 10 nbar). Results. (i) Pressure has suffered a monotonic increase from 1988 to 2016, that is compared to a seasonal volatile transport model, from which tight constraints on a combination of albedo and emissivity of N2 ice are derived. (ii) A central flash observed on 2015 June 29 is consistent with New Horizons REX profiles, provided that (a) large diurnal temperature variations (not expected by current models) occur over Sputnik Planitia; and/or (b) hazes with tangential optical depth of ∼0.3 are present at 4-7 km altitude levels; and/or (c) the nominal REX density values are overestimated by an implausibly large factor of ∼20%; and/or (d) higher terrains block part of the flash in the Charon facing hemisphere.© E. Meza et al. 2019 ; The work leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2020 ERC Grant Agreement no 669416 >Lucky Star>. E.M. thanks support from Concytec-Fondecyt-PE and GA, FC-UNI for providing support during the 2012 July 18 occultation. B.S. thanks S. Para for partly supporting this research though a donation, J. P. Beaulieu for helping us accessing to the Hobart Observatory facilities and B. Warner, B. L. Gary, C. Erickson, H. Reitsema, L. Albert, P. J. Merritt, T. Hall, W. J. Romanishin, Y. J. Choi for providing data during the 2007 March 18 occultation. M.A. thanks CNPq (Grants 427700/2018-3, 310683/2017-3 and 473002/2013-2) and FAPERJ (Grant E-26/111.488/2013). J.L.O. thanks support from grant AYA2017-89637-R. P.S.S. acknowledges financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no 687378, as part of the project > Small Bodies Near and Far> (SBNAF). J.L.O., R.D., P.S.S. and N.M. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the > Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). F.B.R. acknowledges CNPq support process 309578/2017-5. G.B.R. thanks support from the grant CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ (E26/203.173/2016). J.I.B.C. acknowledges CNPq grant 308150/2016-3. R.V.M. thanks the grants: CNPq-304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8, and Faperj: PAPDRJ-45/2013 and E-26/203.026/2015. B.M. thanks the CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05 grant and CAPES/Brazil -Finance Code 001. B.M. and A.R.G.J. were financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech (Morocco). TRAPPIST-South is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant FRFC 2.5.594.09. F, with the participation of the Swiss National Science Foundation (FNS/SNSF). VSD, SPL, TRM and ULTRACAM are all supported by the STFC. K.G. acknowledges help from the team of Archenhold-Observatory, Berlin, and A. R. thanks G. Roman (Granada) for help during the observation of the 2016 July 19 occultation. A.J.C.T. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry Project AYA2015-71718-R (including EU funds). ; Peer Reviewed