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Dietary guideless are issued regularly in most developed countries. They are in almost all cases concerned solely with nutritional aspects of food and eating and based on an understanding of food exclusively as source of nutrients. In recent years, however, a growing number of proposals in a number of countries have addressed the issue of making dietary guidelines that integrates health and sustainability but in all cases they have been met with different kinds of resistance. This article reviews the development towards an integrated understanding of health and sustainability in relation to food and eating and the emergence of proposals for integrated guidelines. It explores the conflicts and controversies that have arisen in the wake of the various proposals and identifies a number of different types of conflicts. They relate to conflicts of interests between the various actors involved and political resistance against initiatives that are perceived as being in conflict with values of market economy and free trade. Furthermore, there are controversies that broadly can be characterized as relating to politics of knowledge and have to do with differentiation of expertise and the role of expert cultures for the elaboration and communication of messages about health and sustainability. The article finally briefly points to some answers to the complexity of issues around the creation of dietary guidelines. ; Dietary guidelines are issued regularly in most developed countries. In almost all cases they are concerned solely with the nutritional aspects of food and eating and are based on an understanding of food exclusively as a source of nutrients. In recent years, however, a growing number of proposals in a number of countries have addressed the issue of making dietary guidelines that integrate health and sustainability, but in all cases they have been met with different kinds of resistance. This article reviews the development towards an integrated understanding of health and sustainability in relation to food and eating and the emergence of proposals for integrated guidelines. It explores the conflicts and controversies that have arisen in the wake of the various proposals and identifies a number of different types of conflicts. These relate to conflicts of interests between the various actors involved and political resistance against initiatives that are perceived as being in conflict with the values of a market economy and free trade. Furthermore, there are controversies that can be broadly characterised as relating to the politics of knowledge and have to do with the differentiation of expertise and the role of expert cultures for the elaboration and communication of messages about health and sustainability. Finally, the article briefly points to some answers to the complexity of issues surrounding the creation of dietary guidelines

Environment and health are deeply rooted into each other, which we are reminded of now and then when major hazards like the Fukushima nuclear accident occur, or when scientific discovery reveals that certain persistent health problems as declining sperm counts of men, are embedded in environmental conditions. Since mid-1980´s a growing number of sector co-ordination efforts between public health and environmental policy sectors have emerged in EU and nationally, which also have been present in the sustainable development and health promotion policies. In local projects, policies, and international regimes various ad hoc initiatives to long-term strategies have evolved. These efforts are full of proclamations on the interconnectedness of environment and health, but in fact severe drawbacks in policy sector co-ordination have occurred. The paper gives analytical tools from A. Lenschow´s work on environmental policy integration, for studying the efforts and paradoxes in sector co-ordination, in order to reflect on the pro et cons of integrative approaches to environment and public health. We will give an overview of the various approaches to coordinative efforts from an international to a national level (Denmark) in order to discuss whether and how firm policy co-ordination is substantiated, and is it a real option? ; Environment and health are deeply rooted into each other, which we are reminded of now and then when major hazards like the Fukushima nuclear accident occur, or when scientific discovery reveals that certain persistent health problems as declining sperm counts of men, are embedded in environmental conditions. Since mid-1980´s a growing number of sector co-ordination efforts between public health and environmental policy sectors have emerged in EU and nationally, which also have been present in the sustainable development and health promotion policies. In local projects, policies, and international regimes various ad hoc initiatives to long-term strategies have evolved. These efforts are full of proclamations on the interconnectedness of environment and health, but in fact severe drawbacks in policy sector co-ordination have occurred. The paper gives analytical tools from A. Lenschow´s work on environmental policy integration, for studying the efforts and paradoxes in sector co-ordination, in order to reflect on the pro et cons of integrative approaches to environment and public health. We will give an overview of the various approaches to coordinative efforts from an international to a national level (Denmark) in order to discuss whether and how firm policy co-ordination is substantiated, and is it a real option?

Det globale arrangement World Wide Views on Global Warming (WWViews) var et innovativt eksperiment med borgerinddragelse i komplicerede videnskabelige og tekniske problemstillinger. Formål med WWViews var at skabe en fælles global borgerstemme, hvis budskaber skulle kommunikeres til de politiske delegationer, der skulle mødes på FNs klimakonference COP 15 i København i december 2009. Denne artikel er baseret på et empirisk studie af det WWViews arrangement, der blev gennemført i København. Teoretisk trækker vi på teorier om deliberativt demokrati og teorier om borgerinddragelse i tekniske og videnskabelige problemstillinger. Analysen fokuserer på, hvordan borgernes dialog blev institutionelt rammesat som en deliberativ proces. Analysen inkluderer således refleksioner over, hvordan processen var designet, hvordan forskellige typer af viden og ekspertidentiteter blev konstrueret og forhandlet, samt hvordan deltagerne oplevede at være en del af arrangementet. Eftervirkningerne af arrangementet, herunder relationen til COP 15, bliver vurderet i den afsluttende diskussion om den fremtidige brug af WWViews som metode til global borgerinddragelse.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Birgit Jæger, Erling Jelsøe, Louise Phillips and Annika Agger: Citizens' Voices in the Climate Debate: Which Way Does the Global Wind Blow?

The global event World Wide Views on Global Warming (WWViews) was an innovative experiment with public engagement in science and technology, aiming to create a "global citizen voice" on climate change. The purpose of WWViews was to convey the opinions of ordinary citizens to political decision-makers at The United Nations Climate Summit, COP 15, in Copenhagen in December 2009. This article is based on a study of the Danish WWViews event, drawing on theoretical perspectives of deliberative democracy and studies of public engagement with science. The focus of the article is on the manner in which citizen deliberations were institutionally framed as an exercise in deliberative democracy. The analysis includes reflections on how the process was designed, how different types of knowledge and expert identities were constructed and negotiated, and how the participants experienced being a part of the event. The implications of the event and its relation to COP 15 are also considered in the discussion about WWViews as an innovative design for global public engagement in science and technology.

Key words: Public engagement, deliberative democracy, climate changes, global citizen voice.

In the European Union, diversification into more resilient crops and the massive deficit in protein production constitute a huge challenge. Among recommended food alternatives to help solve this problem are high-value ancient underutilized agricultural crops recommended by international institutions, which are usually more resilient than mainstream crops and often have higher protein content. Our hypothesis is that there is a need for a more holistic framework that encompasses most of the issues to be considered when developing sustainable value chains for (re)adopting underutilized crops. To test our hypothesis and suggest a more holistic approach, we conducted a review of existing scientific literature in the field. Here, we identify the most relevant issues suggested as preconditions for (re)adopting underutilized crops. We discuss the theoretical background of the main constraints or drivers and their effect on the realization of more socially, environmentally and financially sustainable adoption strategies. As a result, the study suggests a more holistic framework.

Soybean biomass for biodiesel, produced in Argentina amongst other places, is considered by some to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change when compared with fossil fuel. To ensure that the production of biofuels is 'sustainable', EU institutions and national governments are currently designing certification schemes for the sustainable production of biomass. This paper questions the validity of proposed environmental standards, using the production of Argentine soybean as a case study. The production of soybean production is associated with profound environmental impacts. The use of pesticides induces resistance in weeds, leading to an increase in the quantity and variety of pesticides used. Soil fertility is declining due to intense production and soil demineralisation is addressed by the use of synthetic fertilisers, whose production is energy intensive and whose use generates emissions of N 2 O. The large quantity of substances, sprayed by terrestrial and aerial means, has negative impacts on biodiversity, water, soil, and human and animal health. The intensive production of soybeans also leads to social impacts, including loss of livelihoods and food sovereignty, and a rural exodus. Ultimately, the high demand for soybean is a driver of deforestation and the loss of native habitats that are vital to climate stabilisation. In addition, several studies relate deforestation to the outbreak of vector borne diseases which affect human populations. Emissions from soils have been demonstrated in several studies, but the atmospheric impact of soybean cultivation has not been tested in situ . Some of the models for climate impact (N 2 O emissions etc) are based on in vitro studies, while field data are scarce. The situation, which is outside the control of the EU, has not been sufficiently researched. Furthermore, there are serious questions regarding the enforcement of environmental legislation in production countries, particularly now EU countries are adopting mandatory blending of fuels. The study considers that a certification system will not create the conditions for environmental sustainability. This is exemplified by soy, whose cultivation undermines the climate benefit claimed for soy-based biodiesel. This paper concludes that to certify soy monocultures as sustainable would exacerbate existing climatic and environmental problems.